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TEST1DEVELOPMENTOFMICROBIOLOGY1MULTIPLECHOICECHOOSEONEANSWER1THEFUNDAMENTALUNITOFALLLIVINGORGANISMSISTHEMEMBRANECELLNUCLEUSCELLWALL2ORGANISMSTHATDONOTCONTAINATRUENUCLEUSAREREFERREDTOASFUNGIEUKARYOTICPROKARYOTICNANKARYOTIC3THETHREEKINGDOMCLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMOFORGANISMSWASPROPOSEDBYPASTEURBACONWINOGRADSKYWOESE4FUNGIDIFFERFROMBACTERIAINANUMBEROFCHARACTERISTICSTHECELLWALLSINFUNGIARECOMPOSEDOF,WHILETHECELLWALLSOFBACTERIAARECOMPOSEDOFPEPTIDOGLYCANCHITINPHOSPHOLIPIDSPROTEINGLUCOSAMINE5THEFIRSTMICROSCOPESWEREDEVELOPEDBYEHRLICHMETCHNIKOFFLEEWENHOEKLISTER6CONTROLOFMICROBIALINFECTIONSCANBEACCOMPLISHEDBYCHEMICALORIMMUNEMECHANISMSTHEFIRSTREPORTONTHEPRODUCTIONOFANANTIBIOTICISCREDITEDTOLISTERFLEMINGEHRLICHKOCH7THETERM“ANTIBIOTIC“MEANSASUBSTANCEPRODUCEDBYTHELABORATORYTHATKILLSORINHIBITSOTHERMICROORGANISMSASUBSTANCEPRODUCEDBYMICROORGANISMSTHATKILLSORINHIBITSMOLDSASUBSTANCEPRODUCEDBYMICROORGANISMTHATKILLSORINHIBITSOTHERMICROORGANISMSASUBSTANCEPRODUCEDBYMICROORGANISMSTHATKILLSORINHIBITSCANCERCELLS8THEFIRSTDOCUMENTEDUSEOFAVACCINEFORSMALLPOXWASREPORTEDBYTHEENGLISHPHYSICIANLISTERFLOREYFLEMINGJENNER9ACTIVEIMMUNITYCANBEDISTINGUISHEDFROMPASSIVEIMMUNITYINTHATTHEFORMERREQUIRESDEVELOPMENTOFANTIBODIESINONESOWNBODYBYSTIMULATIONWITHEXTERNALANTIBODIESDEVELOPMENTOFANTIBODIESINONESOWNBODYBYSTIMULATIONWITHEXTERNALANTIGENSFLEMINGDEVELOPMENTOFANTIBODIESINAFOREIGNHOSTANDTRANSFERTOONESOWNBODYDEVELOPMENTOFANTIGENSINONESOWNBODYBYSTIMULATIONWITHEXTERNALANTIBODIES10THEPROCESSOFNITRIFICATIONBYBACTERIADESCRIBEDBYWINOGRADSKYCONVERTSAMMONIATONITRATEIONSNITRATEIONSTOAMMONIAN2TOAMMONIAAMMONIATOUREA11THETRANSFEROFDNAFROMONEORGANISMTOANOTHERTHROUGHTHEUSEOFAVIRALVECTORISREFERREDTOASELECTROPORATIONCONJUGATIONTRANSFORMATIONTRANSDUCTION12THEGENETICMATERIALOFABACTERIAISLOCATEDINTHEMOLECULERNADNAPROTEINLIPID2FILLINTHEBLANK1ORGANISMSTHATCONTAINATRUENUCLEUSARECALLED_2BACTERIADONOTHAVEATRUENUCLEUSANDARECONSIDERED_3BACTERIACANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOGROUPS,THE_ANDTHE_4_AREORGANISMSTHATCANGROWWITHOUTUSINGMOLECULAROXYGEN5MICROORGANISMSTHATCANSYNTHESIZECOMPLEXORGANICCOMPOUNDSFROMCO2ARECALLED_6_AREMICROORGANISMSTHATOBTAINTHEIRENERGYTOSYNTHESIZEORGANICCOMPOUNDSFROMLIGHT7_REQUIREORGANICCOMPOUNDSFORGROWTH8ORGANISMSTHATSURVIVEONLYATVERYHIGHTEMPERATURESAREREFERREDTOAS_9_AREORGANISMSTHATPRODUCEMETHANEFROMCO210_ORGANISMSGROWUNDERCONDITIONSOFHIGHSALINITY11EUBACTERIACANEXHIBITANUMBEROFMORPHOLOGICALSHAPESIDENTIFYFOURA_B_C_D_12FUNGI,ALGAEANDPROTOZOACANBEDIFFERENTIATEDFROMBACTERIABYTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTIC_13FUNGIHAVECELLWALLCONSISTINGOF_14VIRUSESCONSISTOF_SURROUNDEDBYAPROTEINCOAT15THESCIENTIFICMETHODUTILIZESDEDUCTIVEREASONINGANDOBSERVATIONSOREXPERIMENTSTOPROVEORDISPROVEA_16THETHEORY_OFHELDTHATLIVINGORGANISMSCOULDARISEFROMNONLIVINGMATTER17THEPROCESSUSEDTOREDUCETHENUMBEROFVIABLEORGANISMSBYMODERATEHEATINGISCALLED_18THEPROCESSOFTYNDALLIZATIONUSESREPEATEDHEATINGTOELIMINATEOR_MICROORGANISMSFROMSOLUTIONS19AN_ISASUBSTANCEPRODUCEDBYMICROORGANISMSTHATINHIBITSORKILLSOTHERMICROORGANISMS20THEPROCESSOFSTIMULATINGTHEIMMUNEDEFENSESOFTHEBODYISREFERREDTOAS_21WHITEBLOODCELLSTHATENGULFFOREIGNPARTICLESAREREFERREDTOAS_22ASUBSTANCEINSERUMTHATCANNEUTRALIZEFOREIGNMATERIALISREFERREDTOAS_OR_23CELLSINFECTEDWITHAVIRUSPRODUCEASUBSTANCECALLED_THATINHIBITSVIRALREPLICATION24AVERY,COLINANDMACLEODFIRSTDEMONSTRATEDTHATTRANSFORMATIONOFNONPATHOGENICTOPATHOGENICSTRAINSOFBACTERIACOULDBECARRIEDOUTBYTHETRANSFEROF_25EXCHANGEOFGENETICINFORMATIONBYDIRECTCONTACTISREFERREDTOAS_26_ISTHEPROCESSINWHICHDNAISTRANSFERREDFROMONEBACTERIATOANOTHERTEST2METHODSFORSTUDYINGMICROORGANISMS1MULTIPLECHOICECHOOSEONEANSWER1LIGHTMICROSCOPYISDEPENDENTONTHEINTERACTIONOFLIGHTWITHONOBJECTTHEABILITYOFLIGHTTOPASSTHROUGHANOBJECTISREFERREDTOASTRANSPORTEDLIGHTTRANSMITTEDLIGHTREFLECTEDLIGHTREFRACTEDLIGHT2THERESOLVINGPOWERROFAMICROSCOPEISDEPENDENTONTHEWAVELENGTHOFLIGHTANDTHENUMERICALAPERTURENAOFTHELENSTHEFORMULAFORRISR05XNAR05/NARNA/05JRRSQUAREROOTOF05/NA3THEGRAMSTAINUSESASAMORDANTTOFIXTHEPRIMARYSTAINIODINEALCOHOLACETONESAFRANIN4THEACIDFASTSTAINISUSEFULINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGORGANISMSSTAPHYLOCOCCUSAUREUSMYCOPLASMAMYCOIDESMYCOBACTERIATUBERCULOSISMORAXELLAOSLOENSIS5BOTULISMISASERIOUSDISEASETHATCANDEVELOPFROMTHEIMPROPERCOOKINGOFFOODCONTAININGBACTERIALSPORESWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGGENERAARECAPABLEOFPRODUCINGSPORESSALMONELLALISTERIAESCHERICHIACLOSTRIDIA6WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGTYPESOFMICROSCOPESUTILIZESELECTRONBEAMSTOVISUALIZEOBJECTSNOMARSKITEMPCMCONFOCAL7AMIXTUREOFORGANISMSWASISOLATEDFROMAPATIENTSUSPECTEDOFHAVING“STREPTHROAT“WHICHTYPEOFMEDIAWOULDYOUUSETOISOLATETHESUSPECTEDPATHOGENDEFINEDENRICHEDSELECTIVEDIFFERENTIAL8STERILIZATIONOFMATERIALWITHANAUTOCLAVEUTILIZESSTEAMTOKILLMICROORGANISMSTHECORRECTPROCEDUREFORSTERILIZATIONWITHANAUTOCLAVEIS15MINAT121AT15LB/IN215MINAT256AT15LB/IN215MINAT121AT1LB/IN215MINAT121AT1LB/IN29ANANTIBIOTICWASADDEDTOACULTUREOFBACTERIATODETERMINEITSEFFECTWHATMETHODOFENUMERATIONWOULDYOUUSETODETERMINETHEEFFICACYOFTHEANTIBIOTICDIRECTCOUNTVIABLECOUNTTURBIDIMETRICCOUNTABSORBANCE9IDENTIFICATIONOFMICROORGANISMSCANBEACCOMPLISHEDBYANUMBEROFTECHNIQUESWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIRESTHEGROWTHOFTHEORGANISMENZYMELINKEDASSAYGENEPROBEMETABOLICFLUORESCENT2FILLINTHEBLANK1AMEDIAWHEREALLTHEINGREDIENTSAREKNOWNISCALLEDA_MEDIA2_TECHNIQUEISUSEDTOMAINTAINAPURECULTUREANDAVOIDCONTAMINATION3STERILIZATIONINSTRUMENTTHATUTILIZESSTEAMUNDERPRESSURE_4A_PLATEUTILIZESALOOPORNEEDLETODISTRIBUTEANDISOLATECOLONIESONACULTUREPLATE5_IDENTIFICATIONUTILIZESANTIBODIESFORNAMINGOFBACTERIALSPECIES6BACTERIACANBEPRESERVEDFORLONGPERIODSOFTIMEBYFREEZEDRYINGOR_7THEMRBIDIMETRICMETHODOFCOUNTINGBACTERIAUTILIZESA_TOMEASURETHEAMOUNTOFLIGHTPASSINGTHROUGHASOLUTION8THEVIABLEPLATECOUNTCOUNTSLIVEBACTERIALCOLONIESINTHERANGEOR_TO_9ACOUNTINGCHAMBERANDAMICROSCOPEAREUSEDINTHE_COUNTOFBACTERIATEST3ORGANIZATIONANDSTRUCTUREOFMICROORGANISMS1MULTIPLECHOICECHOOSEONEANSWER1EUKARYOTICMEMBRANESCANBEDIFFERENTIATEDFROMPROKARYOTICMEMBRANESBECAUSEEUKARYOTICMEMBRANESCONTAIN_ASPARTOFTHELIPIDCOMPONENTOFTHEMEMBRANEPHOSPHATESFATTYACIDSPROTEINSSTEROLS2THEARRANGEMENTOFPROTEINSANDLIPIDSINTHEMEMBRANEISREFERREDTOASTHEBILAYERMODELFLUIDMOSAICMODELTRILAYERMODELPERMEABLEMODEL3THEMOVEMENTOFWATERMOLECULESACROSSTHEMEMBRANEINRESPONSETOACONCENTRATIONGRADIENTISREFERREDTOASDIFFUSIONOSMOSISTRANSLOCATIONTRANSPORT4THEMEMBRANEOFACELLISABLETODIFFERENTIATEMOLECULESTHATENTEROREXITTHECELLANDACTASA_BARRIERSEMIPERMANENTSEMITRANSPARENTSEMIPERMEABLESEMIDIFFUSE5MOVEMENTOFMOLECULESATANENHANCEDRATEACROSSTHEMEMBRANEISCALLEDFACILITATEDDIFFUSIONPASSIVEDIFFUSIONOSMOSISPERMEATION6WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGMECHANISMSTRANSPORTSMOLECULESWITHOUTCHEMICALALTERATIONACTIVETRANSPORTGROUPTRANSLOCATIONFACILITATEDDIFFUSIONBINDINGPROTEINTRANSPORT7WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGTRANSPORTMECHANISMOCCURSONLYINGRAMNEGATIVEBACTERIAACTIVETRANSPORTGROUPTRANSLOCATIONFACILITATEDDIFFUSIONBINDINGPROTEINTRANSPORT8WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGTRANSPORTMECHANISMSOCCURSONLYINPROKARYOTESACTIVETRANSPORTGROUPTRANSLOCATIONFACILITATEDDIFFUSIONBINDINGPROTEINTRANSPORT9LYSOZYMEANDPENICILLINHAVEACTIVITYAGAINSTTHECELLWALLLYSOZYMEBREAKSTHISCOMPONENTPENICILLINPREVENTSITSFORMATIONLIPOPOLYSACCHARIDEPHOSPHOLIPIDPEPTIDOGLYCANTEICHOICACID10PARTIALDESTRUCTIONOFTHECELLWALLWITHLYSOZYMELEAVESACELLCALLEDAPROTOPLASTSPHEROPLASTPERIPLASTCAPSULE2FILLINTHEBLANK1MOSTCELLSUSEENERGYINTHEFORMOF_TORUNTHECELL2PHOSPHOLIPIDSOFEUBACTERIALCELLSARECOMPOSEDOFA_GROUPANDA_ONAGLYCEROLBACKBONE3MEMBRANEPROTEINSFOUNDONTHESURFACEARECALLED_PROTEINS4THEENERGYSOURCEFORACTIVETRANSPORTINEUKARYOTESISDERIVEDFROMATPTHEENERGYFORACTIVETRANSPORTINPROKARYOTESISDERIVEDFROM_5THEREGIONBETWEENTHEOUTERMEMBRANEINGRAMNEGATIVEBACTERIAANDTHECELLWALLISCALLEDTHE_6EXTRACHROMOSOMALDNAELEMENTSFOUNDINBACTERIAARECALLED_7RIBOSOMESARESTRUCTURESCOMPOSEDOF_AND_8THEFLUIDINSIDEACELLISREFERREDTOASTHE_9THEHEREDITARYORGANELLEOFEUKARYOTICCELLSISCALLEDTHE_10THEPROCESSBYWHICHACELLENGULFSANDINTERNALIZESPARTICLESSUCHASBACTERIAOROTHERCELLSISCALLED_TEST4EUKARYOTES1MULTIPLECHOICECHOOSEONEANSWERLFUNGIARECONSIDEREDHETEROTROPHICBECAUSETHEYOBTAINNUTRITIONTHROUGHPHAGOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSISADSORPTIONPHOTOSYNTHESIS2THESEPARATIONBETWEENFILAMENTOUSFUNGALCELLSAREREFERREDTOASFILLINTHEBLANK1UNICELLULARFUNGIARECALLED_2FILAMENTOUSFUNGIFORMBRANCHINGSTRUCTURESCALLED_3THEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFREPRODUCTIONINYEASTSOCCURSBY_4SILICAISFOUNDINTHECELLWALLOF_5THEEXTERNALSTRUCTURESOFMUSHROOMSAREREFERREDTOAS_6THEGROWTHOFFUNGICANBEEXPRESSEDBY_7REDTIDEISCAUSEDBYATOXINRELEASEDBYTHEORGANISM,GONYAULAX,WHICHBELONGSTOTHE_GROUPOFFUNGI8AGARISMADEFROMTHISGROUPOFALGAE_9TRYPANOSOMAGAMBIENSECAUSESTHEDISEASE_10AFLAGELLATEPROTOZOATHATCANBEFOUNDINMOUNTAINSTREAMSANDCAUSESDIARRHEAIS_TEST5BACTERIALGROWTHANDREPRODUCTION1MULTIPLECHOICECHOOSEONEANSWER1INBACTERIALCULTURES,GROWTHCANBEDEMONSTRATEDBYANINCREASEINMASSCELLSIZECELLNUMBERCELLLENGTH2DNAREPLICATIONINBACTERIAISCONTROLLEDBYCELLSIZECELLDIVISIONCELLSEPARATIONCELLINITIATION3DURINGWHICHPHASEOFBACTERIALGROWTHISTHEREANINCREASEINCELLSIZEBUTNOTINCELLNUMBERLAGLOGSTATIONARYEXPONENTIAL4THEGENERATIONTIMEFORBACTERIAISDETERMINEDBYMEASURINGTHETIMEITTAKESTODOUBLETHENUMBEROFBACTERIAFROMTHETIMETHECULTUREWASINITIATEDUNTILTHEBEGINNINGOFSTATIONARYPHASEMEASURINGTHETIMEITTAKESTODOUBLETHENUMBEROFBACTERIAFROMLAGPHASETODEATHPHASEMEASURINGTHETIMEITTAKESTODOUBLETHENUMBEROFBACTERIAFROMLOGPHASETOTHEENDOFSTATIONARYPHASEMEASURINGTHETIMEITTAKESTODOUBLETHENUMBEROFBACTERIAFROMLOGPHASETOTHEBEGINNINGOFSTATIONARYPHASE5MOSTPATHOGENICBACTERIAARECONSIDEREDPSYCHROPHILESMESOPHILESTHERMOPHILESMEROPHILES6BACTERIATHATGROWATLOWNUTRIENTCONCENTRATIONSAREREFERREDTOASAUTOTROPHSPHOTOTROPHSCOPIOTROPHSOLIGOTROPHS7INTIMESOFNUTRIENTDEFICIENCIES,THEBACTERIACLOSTRIDIUMPRODUCE_UNTILCONDITIONSAREPERMISSIVEFORVEGETATIVEGROWTHPROSTHECAESPORESSTALKSFRUITINGBODIES8THETEMPERATUREOFTHEINCUBATORWASRAISEDFROM152TO352THECULTURESINTHEINCUBATORDEMONSTRATEDA_FOLDINCREASEINENZYMATICACTIVITYTWOFOREIGHTTWENTY9ORGANISMSTHATGROWATORNEARTHEIROPTIMALGROWTHTEMPERATUREARECALLEDSTENOTHERMALBACTERIAEUTHERMALBACTERIACAULDOACTIVEBACTERIAMESOPHILICBACTERIA10ALLOFTHEFOLLOWINGARETOXICOXYGENPRODUCTSEXCEPT02OHH20H20211CATALASE,WHICHISPRODUCEDBYSTAPHYLOCOCCI,CATALYZESWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGREACTIONS2022H2H202022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