合作学习在初中英语教学中的应用VIP

本科英语毕业论文合作学习在初中英语教学中的应用姓 名： 系 别： 专 业： 学 号： 指导教师： IThe Application of Cooperative Learning in English Class of Junior Middle SchoolII摘 要合作学习是指以合作小组为基本形式，系统地利用教学中的动态因素之间的合作互动来促进学生的学习，以团队的成绩为评价标准来共同达到教学目标的一种教学活动。合作学习作为一种新的教学策略，着重对学生的小组学习进行积极、有效的指导，它的精髓就在于变灌输为指导，使学生之间彼此信赖，学会自己对学习负责，从而实现各种教学目标。合作学习作为对传统授课制度的一种突破与补充，目前被广泛用于中学英语教学课堂。本文在第一部分说明了在英语教学中组织合作学习的必要性和重大意义，并分析了合作学习研究的现状。第二部分阐述了合作学习的定义和理论基础，并列举了合作学习的优势。第三部分介绍了在合作学习中教师角色的转变，及教师如何处理合作学习中学生的关系。第四部分介绍了合作学习在中学英语课堂上的实施。最后，总结并指出合作学习的不足之处。关键词：合作学习；中学英语教学；教师角色IIIAbstractCooperative learning is one of teaching activities, which bases on team working and cooperative interaction between students to accomplish the shared learning goal and evaluate students performance according to achievement of the whole group. Cooperative learning is regarded as a system of teaching strategy, which emphasizes on guiding group learning positively and efficiently. The essence of cooperative learning is the change of teachers role from giver into director. In cooperative learning, the students rely on each other and learn to be responsible for their own study, thereby, make the students realize the learning goal.Cooperative learning as a breakthrough and complement to traditional classroom instruction is widely applied in the English class of junior middle school. This thesis gives the introduction about the present research and the significance of the research. It analyses the present research situation of cooperative learning in the first part. Then it concerns about the cooperative learning, including definition of cooperative learning, benefits from cooperative learning and theoretical basis of cooperative learning. The third part introduces the change of teachers role from traditional teaching to cooperative learning and the teachers strategies to deal with the relationships between students in cooperative learning. The fourth part shows how to implement cooperative learning in English class of junior middle school. Finally, make a conclusion and put forward the defect in cooperative learning.Key words: cooperative learning; middle school English teaching; teachers roleIVContents摘 要 .IAbstract.IIContents.III1 Introduction .11.1 Need for the Present Research .11.2 Significance of the Research.21.3 Present Research Situation of Cooperative Learning.21.3.1 International research situation.21.3.2 The domestic research situation.32 Cooperative Learning.32.1 Definition of Cooperative Learning .32.2 Benefits from Cooperative Learning.42.3 Theoretical Basis of Cooperative Learning.52.3.1 Goal Structure Theory .52.3.2 Developmental theory.63 Roles and the Relationships in Cooperative Learning .73.1 Roles of Teachers in Cooperative Learning.73.2 Teachers Strategies to Deal with the Relationships.83.2.1 Teacher and students.83.2.2 Teaching and learning.83.2.3 Form and aim.93.2.4 Fluency and accuracy .94 Implement of Cooperative Learning .104.1 How to arrange the groups .104.2 How to design cooperative learning.104.3 How to carry out cooperative learning.114.4 How to evaluate after cooperative learning .115 Conclusion.11References .1211 IntroductionCooperative learning, as a theoretic and strategic system, has been applied by many countries in the world. Many researches believe that cooperative learning is one of the most influential fields in contemporary education theory. Cooperative learning is adopted as an important method to teach by curriculum reform of our country. The application of cooperative learning can change the traditional ways of English teaching, so it is significant for the thesis to concern on cooperative learning in English class of junior middle school.1.1 Need for the Present ResearchThe world is developing rapidly and full of challenges, competitions and opportunities. Teamwork is a key point that decides if you are successful or losing in the competition. If one whose ability is limited is not good at communication and cooperation with others, it is difficult for him to adapt to the processing world. English, as an international language, has been an important tool with the rapid globalization development. It is prerequisite for students, especially junior middle school students to learn English well and to communicate with others in English.It is well known that secondary education is not only the basic stage of education but also the foundational stage of life-long education, and the English teaching in it is very important. Junior middle school can adopt English teaching method that accommodates to the environment full of competition and cooperation and teachers should cultivate students teamwork spirits in class. Therefore, cooperative learning is a very effective method for English learning.In addition, some policies which formulate by China also advocate that students should learn to cooperate with othersCooperative learning strategies have drawn much attention in the past decade. Cooperative learning in English teaching should accords with the requirements of the current curriculum reform in China.21.2 Significance of the ResearchIn 2001, Chinas New National English Curriculum Standard was set out. According to the new standard, teachers should teach students how to speak and listen to English and how to read and write in English. Teachers should also help students cultivate their interest, make them acquire the confidence in learning English, and train their active attitude to learn English. (The ministry of education of the Peoples Republic of China, 2001,81) So students should learn how to communicate and cooperate with others. Through the cooperative learning, students will be interested in English study. Furthermore, students will join in English class by themselves instead of by force. They will like to take part in activities in English class. They will make progress in English learning.1.3 Present Research Situation of Cooperative Learning1.3.1 International research situationIn the west, the research and the practice of cooperative learning have a quite long history. It was pointed out that students can benefit from teaching each other in ancient Rome. Students can not only obtain the knowledge from the teachers teaching but also from other students. In the 19th and 20th century, cooperative learning appeared and gradually became one of the most widespread fields of educational theory, research and practice all over the world. In the United States, the concept of cooperative learning is praised highly and applied broadly by Park, F. and Dewey, J. Finally, in the early 1970s, the cooperative learning research became gradually a vigorous mass campaign in America.The birthplace of cooperative learning is the United States. Both in the theory of cooperative learning and practical experience, many countries have enlightenment and reference from the cooperative learning research and experiment of the United States. However, the concept of cooperative learning has different views. It is not hard to see that cooperative learning still exist some defects with the development of cooperative learning. Therefore, the theory of cooperative learning systematization is the trend of its development.31.3.2 The domestic research situationThe concept of cooperative learning has a long history in China. The classical educational masterpiece, To Learn wrote by Mencius, recorded: “A person who learns alone without friends will become ignorant”, which advocates learners should improve each other by active discussion in the process of learning. Since the early l990s，researchers and teachers in China have begun to pay attention to the study of cooperative learning. Recently the discussion of subjective educational experiment in-group work and a series of educational scientific researches and teaching practices have promoted the development of cooperative learning in China. Through these studies, the members of the education system gradually recognize the value of cooperative learning. Many students have benefited from it, and the teachers have developed some effective implementation strategies.2 Cooperative Learning2.1 Definition of Cooperative LearningCooperative learning takes many definitions. Many scholars proposed their own definitions. According to Johnson, D. W. and Johnson, R. T. (2001), cooperative learning is a procedure of small group interactive instruction, in which students work with their peers to accomplish a shared or common goal. The goal is reached through interdependence among all group members rather than working alone. Each member is responsible for the outcome of the shared goal. Wang Tan (2001) thinks, “Cooperative learning is a kind of activity guided by aim” (Wang, 116). The aims of cooperative learning can be divided into academic aim and cooperative skill aim. Traditional teaching only stresses the teaching and mastery of knowledge, neglecting training other skills. Cooperative learning trains students communication skills in process of teaching knowledge. In a wide sense, it not only emphasizes the students cognitive development, but also tries to make the students get happiness from learningIt mixes cognition, 4feelings, determination and action into a whole part. In a narrow sense，each cooperative learning activity has its concrete aim. That is to say, each activity should finish a certain task or solve a problem assigned by the teacher.From the above definitions, cooperative learning is an approach in which learners, having individual responsibility, from groups to create positive interdependence among group members and study together to reach a common goal. There are two key points here, individual responsibility and positive interdependence, that can determine whether or not cooperative learning could be successful. In groups, students discuss what they have learned together, help each other to understand well and encourage each other to study hard. Each member in the group learning should be not only responsible for oneself, but also for others. Students should not be successful until each member in a group has accomplished both group learning and his or her individual goals.2.2 Benefits from Cooperative LearningCooperation is the demand and the main stream of the society. Cooperative learning is an important way to cultivate team spirit and cooperative consciousness. At present in China, most of middle school students are growing up without brothers or sister because of the one-child policy. They are apples in their parents eye. It is an urgent situation for them to learn how to cooperate with others. They lack of trust between their classmates and they are not good at communicating and cooperating with others. Cooperative learning is an effective pedagogy that promotes the relationships between students. In the process of cooperative learning students can not only learn teamwork, but also learn to respect others.Cooperative learning can train students ability of social communication and promote the formation of language ability. The fundamental purpose of learning English in junior middle school is not to gain the systematic knowledge of language, but to correctly utilize it and get into the habit of learning on basis of understanding the language well. The teacher provides much more time to practice in cooperative learning, so students can master the ability of language faster than traditional teaching.5Cooperative learning is beneficial to enhance the students self-esteem and self-confidence. Since the cooperative learning changes the evaluation basis, which transfers learning competition between individuals into teams competition, students can relieve their anxiety. All members in the group need to support each other so that they can achieve the common goal. Through cooperative learning, the relationship of whole-class teaching has been changed to cooperation in the group and competition among groups. Cooperative learning makes students rely on each other in the group, and the self-confidence and self-esteem of everyone will be enhanced.Cooperative learning is beneficial to the improvement of the overall academic achievement. It is an effecti