浅谈增词法、省略法在英汉翻译中的技巧

浅谈增词法、省略法在英汉翻译中的技巧李 凯 玉A Study of Amplification and Omittion inEnglish-Chinese Translation Skills Li Kaiyu 摘要：文字的增补与省略，并不是说在原文思想内容之外，再增加什么意思或减少什么意思，而是说，在保证译文和原文意思完全一致的前提下，在字面上作一些补充或删减，其目的是使译文更加真实流畅。在翻译中，有些词在特定词组中失去具体实义，仅仅表明范畴，想“态势” 、 “状态” 、 “问题” 、“局面”等，按我们汉语的搭配习惯，组成“以实带虚”相对的固定词组。象 “衣食住行问题” 、 “听天由命的心态” 、 “贫穷落后的状况”等。英语和汉语表达方式不一样，他习惯使用抽象名词来表达与汉语词组相同的意思，所以翻译的时候要注意。关键要根据上下文，确定这些词在句子里是否具有实在的意义，则省略不译，以免产生累赘。这是最忌讳的！关键词：增词；省略；翻译Abstract: With the addition of the words omitted, it does not mean that the original ideological content, the increase or decrease in the meaning of what it meant, It said that to ensure translations and the original meaning is fully consistent with the premise that literally make some additions or delete. The purpose is true: more fluent. In translation, some words have lost their specific real justice in a particular phrase, merely indicates areas like “ours“ and “state“ “problems“ and “situation“, according to our customary mix of Chinese, “which in real modest“ relative to the fixed phrase. Like “green“ and “fatalistic mentality,“ and “the situation of poverty and backwardness.“ English and Chinese expression is not, he used abstract terms with the Chinese phrase to express the same meaning. Therefore, we must pay attention to the translation. The key to the light of the context, the possibility of determining these words have real meaning of the sentence., it cannot be translated. In order to avoid cumberance. This is the most taboo!Key words: Amplification; Omitted; Translation 引言翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是“一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言完整而准确的表达出来。英语中有些动词做不及物动词时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往把它表达出来。英语动词有时和体的变化，而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式，2翻译是增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。一、修辞，逻辑，意义等方面的需要。（1） ）英语中有些动词用作不及物动词时，宾语常隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时往往需要把他表达出来增补汉语动词：Amplification of Chinese verbs.Eg: A: There were no speech no foreign diploments, no ordinary Chinese with paperflags and bouguets of flowers.没有（发表）讲话，没有各国外交官（到场） ，也没有普通中国人（挥舞）纸旗花来的场面。B: He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有（致）闭幕词就（宣布）结束会议。（adding verbs “致” and “宣布”）C: After the banquets the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor, he went home tiredly.在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演后，他疲惫的回家了。（2）增补汉语副词。为表达原文意思，有些动词在一定场合可以根据上下文增加适当的副词。Eg: A: As he sat down and began talk ,words pound out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝的讲个没完。B: I had a imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表现，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己亲生的。（3）增补汉语名词：英语中有些动词用作不及物动词是，宾语常隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时往往需要把他表达出来。3/12Eg: A: Many washed for a living after her husband dired of acute pneumonia.马丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠（洗衣服）来维持生活。B: He allowed the husband to be overrulea by the juage and declared his wife guilty.他让法官的（职责）战胜了丈夫的角色，而判决他妻子有罪。（4）增补汉语语气词 Add Chinese model particlesEg: A: Dont take it .Seriousely, Im just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。B: The eyes were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and underfeated.那双眼啊！像海水一样的颜色，愉快而毫不沮丧。这是朱总理在全国人大三次会议闭幕之际举行的中外记者招待会上说的一句话。很明显，朱总理的原话中省略了“我了解到，幼树经过“这几个字的含义。这完全是受汉语承前省略的影响。如果英译时完全对等处理，不对这句话进行逻辑整理，不在英语中添加被省略的部分，恐怕英文听众就要费一番周折才能理解总理的原话了。所幸的是口译员对这一省略现象做出了及时反应，在译语中补充了“I learned that “以及“for the infant trees”这些成分。同时，为了使译语在不违背原话的基础上更有逻辑性，该译员在翻译逗号前面一部分时合情合理地加上了“trees(树木)”一词，这样就使逗号前后两部分在逻辑上的联系就更加紧密了。（5）增补词语以适应英语句子的修辞要求修辞加词主要是通过增加总括性的词和润色性的词对翻译出来的句子从修辞上进一步润色，以提高译文的质量，使之具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点。A：The works on display a reall in oil,with a bold,advenur us use of color.参展的作品均为油画，浓墨重彩，不拘一格。总括或概括是汉语中的一种修辞方式，即语段中次要的信息在前，重要的信息在后，最4重要的信息置于末尾。有时，具有概括性的最重要的信息往往隐含在字里行间，所以英译汉时需要增加总括性强的词语来传递原文的信息，变无形为有形，给读者以完美之感。例 9 中增加的“不拘一格”这几个词即属此列。译者用这一为汉语读者熟悉的成语对各具特色的参展作品进行了概括，读来使人觉得清晰。（6）英语名词的复数汉译时可以根据情况，增加重叠词，数词，或其他一些词来表达，这样可以提高修辞效果。例如：Eg: A: Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花满园盛开。B: Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意， “速度”和“速率”这两个词需要可以解释。C: He showed me the scars on his legs.他让我看他双腿上的道道伤疤。D: The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝长影。E: When she came to ,she saw smiling faces aroud her.她苏醒过来，看着周围一张张笑脸。F: They drove in a black limousine; past groves of birch-trees and endless rows of indentical building.他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车，经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排式样相同的新住宅。增译：将原文的复数名词“groves”译成“一丛丛”将”rows”译成“一排排” ，使译文增加修辞效果。（7）添加必要的连接词语5/12英语中的必要连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词形式出现，而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词的使用大都成双成对。因此，在将英语译成汉语时，应将汉语连词补充完整。如：if.,如果 ,那么；because 因为所以。Although 虽然,但是；unless 除非；（否则）就。Eg: A:Heated.water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。B: However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed,some heat escapes and is lost.虽然锅炉壳与蒸气管是严密封闭的，然而还是有一部分热损耗。C: Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。D: Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.他除非努力学习，否则就永远不能考及格。（8）从语法和修辞连贯考虑增词：语的各种时态在翻译成汉语时需要你增词处理。比如，从修辞考虑，汉语喜欢用组词结构，翻译英语的系表结构，动宾结构时应当注意汉语的折中表达方法。Eg: A:We wont retreat;we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。B: This printer is indeed cheep and fine.这部打印机真实物美价廉。C: While in Europe,the tourists enjoyed to their heats ,content the weather,the food and the threater.旅游者在欧洲尽情的沐浴阳光，品位佳肴，观赏演出。D: The KODAK Fiche reader 321 A is easy to operate, versatile ,compact and has a pleasing modern design.6柯达 321A 型微型胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。E：Almost everyone old enough to remember the raid can recall the thrill and the cheers that swept the country when the news came out that American planes had bolbed Tokyo.几乎所有年纪大些能记得这次袭击的人，都可以回忆起当年美机轰炸东京的消息发表是举国上下一片欢腾的景象。F: There were no speeches,no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquet of flowers in the air field.机场上没有人发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通中国人挥舞纸旗花的场面。由于汉英两种语言的差异，英文和中文词组或单词铢两悉称，完全能对应者不多,要充分表达出原文的意思往往不得不增添词语，否则翻译时就很难适应目的语的语法要求。增词有时虽不免在字面上造成不对等，但如与原意十分吻合，又适应了目的语的语法要求，则不失为佳译。如下面这首诗译成英语时增添的词语可谓匠心独具，构思巧妙。（9）增补词语以表达原文的隐含意义在翻译过程中，无论是英译汉或是汉译英，有些词语在一定的上下文中不言而喻地被省略了。但译成目的语时则需要适当增补一些词语，把隐含之意再现出来，使译入语读者得以欣赏原文的韵味。例 4：李白的诗怨情：美人卷珠帘，深坐颦蛾眉。但见泪痕湿，不知心恨谁。许渊冲、陆佩弦及吴均陶的译文：A lady fair up rolls the screen,With eyebrow sknit she waits in vain.Wet stain soft ears can still be seen,Who heartless , has caused he thd pain?诗中的“深坐”便是久坐，即等待之义。许教授等人翻译这首诗时通过词的增补将它译为“waiting in vain”，则明确表达了本诗的隐含意义：诗中的女主人公无疑是位富家美少妇，无须操持生计，更无冻馁之虞。但她独守空7/12房，不胜孤寂。苦苦等待中卷帘外望，偶尔瞥见“陌头杨柳色”或“底处双飞燕”，不禁触景生情，潸然泪下。译者用 wait in vain 这一短语将这一愁绪满怀、泪痕斑斑的美妇勾画得栩栩如生。她的痛苦究竟归咎于谁？谁竟如此无情？这给读者提供了充分的思考余地，也使读者强烈地感受到人世间离愁别恨带来的悲戚之美。D: The bound between mathmatics and the life sciences has been streny thened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialities, such as biometrics, psychometrics, and econometrics.生物统计学，心里测验学，计量经济学等一大批应用数学专业学科的出现，大大加强了数学和声明科学之间的联系。增译：原句中没有概括词，而翻译时加上了概括词“等” ，而原句中“psychometrics”与“econometrics”之间的连接词“and ”则被省略掉了。二、省略技巧英译汉时，在不影响原作内容的前提下，把英语中某些仅仅为了语法需要而存在的词语适当省略，译文会更严谨，简明，合乎汉语习惯，当然省略决不是任意更改原文内容，更不是删去自己不懂的东西。省略是指原文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而略的。一般的说，英译汉并不随便删减词语，英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达 280 多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有 30 来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略但汉语有其间接的特点，如果过分强调表达一切，把每个词都译出，反而因为保全了一些次要部分而破坏了整体，即所谓因小失大，因此该保全的不能少一个字，该牺牲的整个从句也可删去不译。1（一）省略冠词8英语中，冠词用的很广泛，汉语中却无冠词。因此汉译时冠词一般省略不译。Eg: A: A teacher should have patience in his work.教师在工作中应当有耐心。 （表示类别的不定冠词”A”省略不译）B: The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。 （省略表示独一无二的的事物和表示类别的定冠词。C: The sun is slowly rising above the horizon.太阳慢慢从地平线上升起。D: The boy sitting at table is my brother.坐在桌旁的那个男孩是我弟弟。这里“The boy”后有定语从句作修饰，the 可省可不省。（二）省略代词根据汉语习惯，在一段文字中，前句出现了一个主语，后句如果仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。而英语中每句必须有主语。因此，一段文字中，人称代词长出现多次。译为汉语时，折中人称代词往往省掉。例如：(1)A Order is order,we cannot complain;we cannot bargain;we cannot question and we cannot suggest changes.命令，不得抱怨，不得讨价还价，不得质疑，不得建议终改。 （省略作主语的人称代词we）B If the wire has a small cross section,the electric current which flows through it persecond will be small in quantity.导线的横截面积小，每秒钟所流过的电流小。 （省略宾语 it）.C Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas,but he only put a few into practice.9/12他像他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有很多的想法，却只有少数的付诸实践。D The had ground him beneath their heel,they had taken the best of him,they had murdered his father,they had broken and wrecked his wife,they had crushed his whole family.他们把他踩在脚下，压的粉碎，他们榨干了他的精髓，害死了他的父亲，摧残了他的妻子，毁灭了他的全家。E One can never get real rest without a peaceful mind.如果心情不平静，是休息不好的。(2)省略作宾语的人称代词英语中有些作宾语的代词,不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往都可以省略。例如:A: I have received you letter and read it with delight.我收到你的来信，愉快的读了。B: In fact he showed quite clearly that the Copernican ideas were correct.But he did not say openly that he accepted them.事实上,他相当清楚的表明，哥白尼的学说是正确的，但是他没有公开宣布接受。(3).省略物主代词 .A: Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead,her face was short,her upper lip short,showing a glint or teeth,her brows were straight and dark,her lashes long and dark,her nose straight.她的黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在前额上，脸是短短的，上唇也是短短的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直.B: Thus he increased his strength,established a camp,and invested the town.因此,他便加强了力量，构筑了一座营地,并且包围了这座城市。C: He shrugged his shouders,shook his head,cast up his eyes,but said nothing.10(省略三个物主代词)他耸耸肩摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。当然,也有物主代词恰恰不能省略的情况，省略了会造成含义上的模糊，这往往是指某些事物的相互联系，一般译成”其” 或”其他”等等。D: The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence its resistance.导线的直径和长度不是影响其电阻的仅有因素。英语的词与词,短语与短语，句子与句子的连接，大多数情况下都用连词，汉语却不一定需要。因此，英译汉时不用的连词往往会省略。2 (4).省略连词 .A: His telescope and his experiments were always bringing him new surprises,and he made notes of his work every day.他的望远镜和实验总是给他带来惊喜是发现，他每天都把这种工作情况纪录下来。B: Because the price of gasoline was fantastically high,we seldom used our car.汽油贵的惊人，我们就很少用车。C: If winter come,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？D: When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle they are reflected.短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。(省略连词 when 和 and)(5)省略介词英语中的介词在汉译时，有的转化为动词有的省略。A: The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.1949 年，中华人民共和国成立。(介词 in 省略)B: The capacitor is a square with all sides a half centimeter long.11/12电容器为正方形，边长 0.5 厘米。(with 不必译成”节有”)C: The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December 2 when we heard hostilities were to begin December 7.12 月 2 日我们的母舰正在威克岛附近巡航，这时我们听说战争要在 12 月 7 日打起来。D: Many new factories have been set up since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in their home town.解放以来，他们饿故乡建立了许多工程。(6)It 的省略It 作人称代词时的省略，上文已提及，这里不再细说。但 it 的用法较多，英译汉时，省略现