外文翻译-机械工程的发展历程

毕业设计外文翻译 学生姓名： 学号： 机械工程与自动化xi系学 院： 机械设计制造及其自动化系 名： 专 业： 指导教师： Mechanical Engineering Development Mechanical engineering services for a large multifaceted ,any use of machinery,tools,as well as the production of energy and materials sectors,need mechanics engineering service .In summary,the modern mechanical engineering has five service areas: the development and delivery of energy conversion machinery,to provide for the development and production of various products, machinery,engaged in the development and provision of mechanical services,development and delivery of the application of family and personal life machinery,research and provide a variety of mechanical arms. Thousands of years ago, mankind has created for grain shelling and crushing the mortar and a millstone, used to provide water, Jie Gao, and lulu, with the wheels of the car, sailing boat and paddle in rivers, tanks, rudder and so on.Power used, from the poples own strength,to the use of animal power development,hydro and wind .The materials from natural stone,wood,earth,leather,the development of synthetic materials. The earliest man made materials are ceramics,pottery ceramics manufacturing cars is a power,transmission and work of three parts of the complete machinery. Mankind from the Stone Age into the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and then again to blow the fire blower Wang played an important role in the development. The blower is strong enough ,to make metallurgical furnace to obtain a high enough temperature to get the metal from ore smelting.In China,900years before 1000 BC have been smelting with the blower,and gradually developed from human to animal power and water blast . 15 to 16 centuries ago,the slow development of mechanical engineering.However, in the millennia of practice,in the mechanical development or accumulated considerable experience and technical knowledge, became the major potential for the development of mechanical engineering .After the 17th century, capitalism in France and western Europe appear ,commodity production became the central issue of society. The late 18th century, the application of steam from the mining industry to promote the textile,flour, and metallurgical industries The main material production machinery to switch gradually from the timber is more tough, but it is difficult with the manual processing of metals. Machinery manufacturing industry began to take shape, and in the decades to become a major industry. Mechanical engineering by the growing practice, from dispersion, rely mainly on their individual talents and craftsmen craft a craft, have developed into a theoretical guidance, systematic and independent engineering. Mechanical Engineering is to achieve 18 to the 19th century industrial revolution, and the machinery of capitalism the main technical factors mass production. Power is an important factor in the development of production. The late 17th century, with the improvement and development of machinery, coal and metal ores with the requirements of the annual increase, people are not relying on the production of human and animal power to a new stage. In the UK textile mills and other industries will be more and more factories in the river, using water wheels to drive the working machinery. But the then coal, tin, copper and other mines in the ground, still a large number of animal can only be used to enhance and excluded. In this production needs, the 18th century there Newcomens atmospheric steam engine to drive the mine drainage pump. But the steam engines fuel consumption is high, basically only for coal mines. 1765, Watt invented the separate condenser steam engine, reducing fuel consumption. 1781 Watt has created a steam engine to provide rotary power. Expanded the scope of application of the steam engine. The invention of the steam engine and the development of the mining and industrial production. Rail and shipping are to be of mechanical power. 19th century steam engine is almost the only source of power, but the steam engine and boiler, condenser, cooling water systems, bulky, heavy, application is very convenient. 19th century, the power supply system and the motor of development and promotion. Early 20th century, the motor has been replaced by the steam engine of industrial production as the fundamental driving force of various kinds of machinery. Production mechanization has been inseparable from the electrification. The electrification of production through the mechanization of fishes play a role. Early application of steam-powered power stations. The early 10th century, there has been high efficiency, high speed, high-power turbine, also appeared to adapt to a variety of water resources is the turbine, and promoted the rapid development of electric power supply system. The late 19th century after the invention of the internal combustion engine to improve year by year, becoming light and small, high efficiency, easy manipulation, and can start at any time of the original motives, it is first used to drive the work on land without power, machinery, and later for cars, mobile machinery and ships, since the mid-20th century for railway locomotives. Steam turbines and internal combustion engine in the exclusion, has no longer a significant power machinery. After the invention of combustion engines and gas turbine, jet engine development, the aircraft, spacecraft, the foundation technology for the successful development of one of the factors. Before the industrial revolution, machinery mostly wooden structure, made from the wood by hand. Metals (mainly copper, iron) to produce only instruments, locks, clocks, pumps and a small wooden structure on the mechanical parts. Mainly by the metal processing machine maker Seiko secret agents, has reached the required accuracy. The promotion of steam power plant, and the concomitant emergence of mining, metallurgy, ship, locomotive and other large machinery development requires forming and machining metal parts, and more and large, the required accuracy has become increasingly high. Application of metal materials from copper, iron, developed into a steel-based.Early 20th century, Ford created the automobile manufacturing and assembly lines. Mass production technology with Taylor in the 19th century founder of scientific management methods, so that cars and other high-volume production efficiency of mechanical products soon reached previously unimaginable heights. Of the 20th century, the late, mechanical processing of the main features are: increasing the processing speed and accuracy of machine tools to reduce reliance on manual skills; improve the forming process, machining and assembly of the mechanization and automation; use of CNC machine tools, machining centers, of group technology, the development of flexible manufacturing system that allows small and medium-volume, multi-variety production of production efficiency to nearly the level of mass production; research and improvement is difficult to process a new type of metal and nonmetal materials, forming and machining technology. 18th century, mechanical craftsmen matter of experience, intuition and craft of mechanical production, almost no contact in science. To 18 to the 19th century, in the emerging capitalist economy under the facilitation of people began to grasp the attention of scientific knowledge production, and direct the production of craftsmen are starting to learn scientific and cultural knowledge. Back in BC, China has the car in the guide application of complex gear system being applied can remain censer in the horizontal position of the cross and other parts. Ancient Greece has cylindrical gears, bevel gear and worm records. However, the instantaneous gear ratio on the relationship between the tooth and the tooth profile curve of choice, after the parties have until the 17th century theoretical explanation. Hand the structure and the pedal crank machine with bar organizations in the form of the exact movement and dynamic analysis and synthesis, it is the achievements of modern science institutions. Of mechanism as a special subject, no later than the early 19th century was the first time included in the Higher Institute (Paris Institute of Technology) course. Through theoretical study, one can only accurately analyze various agencies, including the complex spatial organization of the movement with the bar, and thus can be integrated according to demand a new body. Mechanical engineering mechanical work object is dynamic, and its work will change dramatically, this change is sometimes random and unpredictable, the practical application of the material is not entirely uniform, there may be a variety of defects, machining accuracy have a certain bias, and so on. From 18 practical, the new theory have been born, and the development of mathematical methods to make design calculations to continuously improve the accuracy. Into 20 practice, the emergence of various experimental stress analysis, people have been able to test out the model experiments and in-kind on the part of the stress. Half of the 20th century, the finite element method and the extensive use of computer makes the complex machinery and parts, components for power, torque, stress analysis and calculation of such a possibility. For the master has full practice or machinery or the original experimental data, they can already using statistical techniques, in accordance with the requirements of reliability, scientific mechanical design. Mechanical engineering to increase production and improve labor productivity, improve the economics of production as the goal to research and develop new mechanical products in the coming era, new product development will reduce resource consumption, the development of clean renewable energy, governance, reducing elimination of environmental pollution as well as the objectives and tasks over the economy. Machinery can be done with both hands and eyes of people, as well as feet, ears, and can not be directly done directly to complete the work, and finished faster and better. Modern mechanical engineering to create a more sophisticated and increasingly complex machinery and mechanical devices, so many fantasies become a reality over the past. To the upper reaches of human space now and the universe, dive the deep ocean, far glimpse of billions of light years, close to the cellular and molecular investigation. New computer hardware and software that humans began to strengthen science, and part of the scientific method instead of the human brain, this is artificial intelligence. This new development has shown an enormous impact, in future years it will continue to create a miracle that people can not imagine. Does not reduce the growth of human wisdom the role of hands, the opposite hand is required to do more. More sophisticated, more complex, thus more to promote hand function. Hand turn, promote the practice of the wisdom of the human brain. The whole of human evolution, and in the growth of each person works, the brain and the hands are parallel to each other for the promotion and evolution. Artificial Intelligence and the relationship between mechanical engineering at the hands similar to the relationship between the brain, the only difference is that the hardware also need to use artificial intelligence machinery out. In the past, people can not do without the operation of machinery and control. The reaction speed and operating precision by very slow evolution of the human brain and nervous system control, artificial intelligence will eliminate the restriction. Between computer science and mechanical engineering to promote each other, parallel to the forward, will mechanical engineering at a higher level to start a new round of great development.机械工程的发展历程 机械工程的服务领域广阔而多面，凡是使用机械、工具，以及能源和材料生产的部门，都需要机械工程的服务，概括来说，现代机械工程有五大服务领域，研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。 几千年前，人类已经创制了用于谷物脱壳和粉碎的臼和魔石，提水的桔槔和辘轳，装有轮子的车，航行于江河的船及桨、槽、舵等。所用的动力，从人自身的体力，发展到利用畜力、水力和风力。所用材料从天然的石、土、皮革，发展到人造材料。最早的人造材料是陶瓷，制造陶瓷器皿的陶车，已是具有动力，传动和工作三个部分的完整机械。 人类从石器时代进入青铜时代，再进而到铁器时代，用以吹旺炉火的鼓风器的发展起了重要作用。有足够强大的鼓风器，才能使冶金炉获得足够高的炉温，才能从矿石中炼得金属，在中国，公元前1000前900年就有了冶铸用的鼓风器，并逐渐从人力鼓风发展到畜力和水力鼓风。 1516以前，机械工程发展缓慢。但在世纪以千年计的实践中，在机械发展方面还是积累了相当多的经验和技术知识，成为后来机械工程发展的重要潜力。17世纪以后，资本主义在英、法和西欧诸国出现，商品生产开始成为社会的中心问题。 18世纪后期，蒸那个汽机的应用从采矿业推广到纺织、面粉、冶金等行业。制作机械的主要材料逐渐从木材改用更为坚韧，但难以用手工加工的金属。机械制造业开始形成，并在几十年中成为一个主要产业。 机械工程通过不断扩大的实践，从分散性的、主要依赖匠师们个人的才智和手艺的一种技艺，发展成为一门有理论指导的、系统的和独立的工程技术。机械工程是促成1819世纪的工业革命，以及资本主义机械大生产的主要技术因素。 动力是发展生产的重要因素。17世纪后期，随着各种机械的改进和发展，随着煤和金属矿石的需要量的逐年增加，人们感到依靠人力和畜力不能将生产提高到一个新的阶段。在美国，纺织磨粉等产业越来越多地将工厂设在河边，利用水轮来驱动工作机械。但当时的煤矿、锡矿、铜矿等矿井中的地下水，仍只能用大量畜力来提升和排除。在这样的生产需要下，18世纪初出现了纽科门的大气式蒸汽机，用以驱动矿井排水泵。但是这种蒸汽机的燃料消耗很高，基本上只用于煤矿。 1765年，瓦特发明了有分开的冷凝器的蒸汽机，降低了燃料消耗率。1781年瓦特有创制出提供回转动力的蒸汽机。扩大了蒸汽机的应用范围。蒸汽机的发明和发展，是矿业和工业生产。铁路和航运都得以机械动力化。蒸汽机几乎是19世纪唯一的动力源，但蒸汽机及其锅炉、冷凝器、冷却水系统等体积庞大、笨重，应用很不方便。 19世纪末，电力供应系统和电动机开始发展和推广。20世纪初，电动机已在工业生产中取代了蒸汽机，成为驱动各种各种机械的基本动力。生产的机械化已离不开电气化。而电气化则通过机械化才对生产发挥作用。 发电站初期应用蒸汽机为动力。10世纪初期，出现了高效率、高转速、大功率的汽轮机，也出现了适应各种水力资源是水轮机，促进了电力供应系统的蓬勃发展。 19世纪后期发明的内燃机经过逐年改进，成为轻而小、效率高、易于操纵、并可随时启动的原动机，它先被用以驱动没有电力供应的陆上工作机械，以后又用于汽车、移动机械和轮船，到20世纪中期开始用于铁路机车。蒸汽机在汽轮机和内燃机的排挤下，已不再是重要的动力机械。内燃机和以后发明的燃气轮机、喷气发动机的发展，是飞机、航天器等成功发展的基础技术因素之一。 工业革命以前，机械大多是木结构的，由木工用手工制成。金属（主要是铜、铁）仅用以制造仪器、锁、钟表、泵和木结构机械上的小型零件。金属加工主要靠机匠的精工细作，已达到需要的精度。 蒸汽机动力装置的推广，以及随之出现的矿山、冶金、轮船、机车等大型机械的发展，需要成形加工和切削加工的金属零件越来越多，