《中考快递》名词

名 词一、河南中考英语说明考查点1可数名词及其单复数2不可数名词3专有名词4名次所有格二、05- 09考点统计（按照分值排序）考 查 点考查次数/分值名词辨析10次/10分易混词辨析5次/5分可数、不可数名词3次/3分名词变复数拼写2次/2分三、2011年中考锁定考点一：可数名词及其单复数1、区分可数名词还是不可数名词可数名词就是可以计量个数的名词，反之则为不可数名词。不可数名词表示物质名词或抽象名词，所以，不可数名词不能直接搭配数词。物质名词食物bread, meat, rice, cheese, fish, beef饮料mild, water, cola, coffee, wine, tea自然物质air, soil, sand, wood抽象名词情感love, peace, friendship, joy, happiness概念exercise, knowledge, energy, population学科maths, geography, physics, chemistry笼统的来说，可数名词与不可数区分的基本原则有两条：1）名词如果不可以按个数计量，如水、空气、天气、黄油等表物质的名词和时间、心情等表抽象概念名词，则为不可数名词。需要注意的是，按照英文思维，一些事物中文思维可以用个数计量的在英文中却为不可数名词，如巧克力、纸张、花椰菜等。2）物体太小、太多而无法准确，也没有必要计算其个数的名词也是不可数名词。如沙子、大米、雨滴、砂糖等。 具体中考考查词汇范围内那些是可数名词，那些是不可数名词就要靠平时认真地积累和总结了。 2、可数名词复数变化规则（选词填空）可数名词复数变规则化（规则变化）一般在词尾直接加 - sbook, map, teacher, pen 字母和字母组合sh, ch, s, x结尾时加- es (以上字母和字母组合均为清辅音结尾，再加s则不方便读音。故加发浊辅音的-es)Watch, box, bus, glass, class, fox, Dish, wish, brush grass (不可数)1） 以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i，再加-es2） 以元音字母+y结尾的单词，直接加s1)baby, dictionary, city, lady, family2) play-plays（戏剧）, toy-toys 以f, fe结尾的单词通常把f, fe变成v, 然后加-es树叶 半数 自己 黄，妻子 拿 刀 去杀 狼，架后 小偷 逃 命 忙leaf, life, thief, half, self, wife, wolf, shelf, knife 在初中阶段,字母o结尾的单词。1）如果表有生命的单词，大多加-es。2）无生命的一般加s。动物园的袋鼠听广播，看录像，弹钢琴，还照相1) Negro, hero, tomato, potato 2) radio, piano, video, zoo, kangaroo, photo kilo-kilose.g. The woman has five _(building) 解析：building变化复数为规则变化，加-s即可。河南中考不会考查复数变化过于生僻和复杂的名词。 3、可数名词复数特殊变化（变化元音字母） 总结下来，初中阶段高频考查词如下列三组： 1. man-men, woman-women 2. foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, 3. childchildren, mouse-mice 4、单复同形的名词 以下个单词均为可数名词，但变化复数时形式没有任何变化。考查频率最高的是下面四组单词：单词单数复数sheep 羊a sheep two sheep deer 鹿a deer two deer Fish 鱼a fish two fish Japanese 日本人a Japanese two Japanese Chinese 中国人a Chinese two Chinese 口诀：中国人和日本人做的鱼、羊、鹿最鲜 Swiss (此词不考)5、只能做复数的名词1. 成对的事物。如：trousers; pants; scissors; chopsticks; glasses; jeans; shorts2. 集合名词，他表示同一类事物的总称，即表示此一类事物，并非单个。如：people, police, clothes等。所以英文中不能说a people。上述前两个单词对应的个体名词为 a person, a policeman(woman)。集合名词作主语时，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如作为每一个成员而言，谓语动词用复数：His family is a happy one.His family are watching TV.此并非河南中考重点，但在平时写作时要注意，也要注意收集学习过的类似的集合名词和个体名词。6、复合名词变复数时，两个名词数的变化规则 所谓“复合名词”就是指由两个名词合成的一个名词，如apple tree, classroom, girl friend。考点如下：1. 复合名词变复数时，后置词变复数，前置的修饰词仍用单数。如：apple tree-apple trees, girl friend-girl friends, classroom-classrooms. *个别复合名词本身前置词即为复数。如：sports meeting; parents meeting; foreign languages department 2. 当前置词为women, man, gentleman时，前置词和后置词同时变复数。如：woman teacher-women teachers, man driver-men drivers.e.g. All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women解析：此题考查特殊的复合名词变复数，即前置词位woman和man时，前后两个名词都应该变成相应的复数。故答案为D。考点二：不可数名词的计量1、不可数名词无法直接读出其数目，所以无法直接加数词。对不可数名词数量的确定，可用以下两种方式：1. 使用明确的量词短语说明其数量。如：a piece of 一张（片，则）, two glasses of 两杯, a drop of一滴等。2. 使用模糊的量词短语说明其数量。1) 表“足够多”plenty of= enough 2) 表“许多”a lot of , lots of；可数用many, 不可数用much.可数many=a number of 许多， a few=several 一些（数量不算多）， few 很少（几乎没有）不可数much=a great deal of 许多，a little 一些（数量不算多）， little 很少（几乎没有）可数与不可数plenty of 大量的，充足的 a lot of , lots of 许多，大量的， some 一些（数量不算多）e.g. -Id like _ grapes and pears.-Oh, I only need _ orange juice. （答案：B）A. some; a few B. a few; some C. a little; few D. a little; a few解析：grapes and pears为可数名词，orange juice为不可数名词。所以只有B复合题意。 2、只有不可数词性的名词有些名词只有不可数词性，而受汉语思维干扰，考生很容易把他们当成可数名词。下面是历年考试出现频率和写作出错频率最高的五组单词：1. Advice 2. information 3. news 4. work (homework) 5. knowledgee.g. We need to come up with a/an _ and make a decision at once.A. information B. advice C. idea D. news 解析：这五组单词几乎是全国各地每年必考，命题人就是希望学生识别在中英文中这些词性的差别。A、B、D尽管汉语意思符合题干，但均属不可数名词，只能选B。 考点三：一些高频考查的特殊名词1、一词多义的名词 有很多单词即可表示可数名词，也可以表示不可数名词，且表可数时的词义与表不可数时的词义差别较大。此考点一直是河南乃至全国各地中考考查的热点，需要给与格外的关注。统计历年、河南考查频率最高的七个单词如下：单词可数名词词性含义不可数名词词性含义1 chicken小鸡 two chickens (=two chicks) 鸡肉 some chicken 2 duck鸭子 two ducks 鸭肉 some duck 3 orange桔子 some orange 1) 桔子汁 some orange 2) 桔黄色 color orange 4 exercise1) (具体的锻炼或某部位的锻炼) morning exercises, piano exercises, eye exercises 2) 习题 do some math exercises （抽象概念）体育锻炼，运动 do some exercise 5 fish1) two fish 两条鱼2) two fishes 两种鱼 鱼肉 some fish 6 paper报纸，论文 two papers 纸张 some paper 7 glass玻璃杯 two glasses 玻璃 some glass 8 hand手 two hands帮助 give me a hand9 room房间 two rooms空间 There is no enough room for you.10 life生命 生活 11 light电灯光12 time次数 some times 时间 There is no time. *fish表示“一条鱼”的时为单复同形，即“一条鱼”为one fish, “两条鱼”为two fish.但表示“一种鱼”时候，是规则变化，要加-s。所以one fish还可以理解成“一种鱼”，“两种鱼”要写成two fishes. e.g. British people eat _ a lot, and they are usually cooked in different ways. A. chicken B. beef C. fish D. potatoes 解析：chicken和beef为不可数名词，fish为单数形式，要用it代替。只有potatoes为复数，与they对应。 e.g. - Are your parents keeping some _ on the farm? - Yes, they are.A. horse B. sheep C. duck D. chicken解析：duck作为“小鸭子”，chicken作为“小鸡”将都应该使用复数形式。只有sheep是单复同形。题意为“你的父母在农场里养了一些绵羊吗？”“是的。”（答案：）2、国家、国人、语言的说法国 家名 称国家的国家人（单数）国家的人（复数）中国China Chinese a Chinesetwo Chinese日本JapanJapanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国AmericaAmericanan Americantwo Americans加拿大Canada Canadiana Canadiantwo Canadians澳大利亚AustraliaAustralianan Australiantwo Australians印度IndiaIndianan Indiantwo Indians俄罗斯Russia Russiana Russiantwo Russians德国Germany Germana Germantwo Germans英国England Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen法国FranceFrenchan French-mantwo Frenchmen注：1、中国、日本在变化时，需要加-ese，在英文词根里表示“弱小的（民族）”。2、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、俄罗斯在变化时，变化时加-n或者-ian表“强大的（民族）”。 3、英国、法国变化特殊，其后加-man. 4、German是以字母n结尾，而非词根man,变复数时不能写成 two Germen. 考点四：名词所有格1、 表有生命的名词1. 表示有生命的单数名词的所有格一般在其后加“s”，如果“-s，-es”结尾只加“ ，”。 2. 表示有生命的复数名词的所有格如果“-s，-es”结尾只加“ ，”。3. 表示有生命的复数名词的所有格如果是特殊形式（不以s或es结尾），仍需在词尾加“s”。如：children-childrens e.g. The strange thing about _ house was that it seemed unfinished. (Sarah) 解析：这里表示Sarah的，所以应为Sarahs. e.g. - How is your skirt? - Its more beautiful than _. A. my sisters B. my sister C. sisters D. mine 解析：名词所有格sbs还可以充当名词性物主代词，指上文所提到的事物。所以，此题中my sisters指的是my sisters skirt。题意为“你的衬衣怎么样？”“比我姐姐的更漂亮。” 2、表度量衡的名词词组中使用s形式的名词所有格如：5000 years history五千年的历史；ten minutes walk走路五分钟的路程；eighty words passage八十字的文章。提醒：此时也可以使用连字符形式，上述例子还可以写成：5000-year history, ten-minute walk, eighty-word passage。 需要注意的是使用连字符时名词应该使用单数形式。e.g. Its over _ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives D. three hours drive解析：题意为“从石家庄到北京距离超过开车十个小时的路程。”“开车十个小时的路程”可用名词所有格表示，但再复数名词后使用所有格时，只加不再加s。 3、As and Bs 结构与A and Bs 结构的区别 前者表示A和B各自的，后者表示A和B共有的。e.g. - Is the room _? - Yes, they share the same room. A. Janes and Teds B. Jane and Teds C. Janes and Ted 解析：从答语可看出，是两个人共有的房间，所以选B。选项A表示Jane 的房间和Ted的房间（应该是两个房间）。 4、the +人名s表某地点或店铺 如：the McDonalds麦当劳餐厅, the Zhangs张公馆 , the doctors诊所 , my uncles 我叔叔家5、表无生命的名词所有格用of结构 he price of the book, the color of the desk 提醒：此并非河南中考重要考点，了解即可。【名词所有格用法速记口诀】名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，若为生命词，加“s”即可行，词尾有s，仅把逗号择；并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者最后加；若为无生命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，此是硬规则。【妙语诠释】 有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“”； 并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“s”； 如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。考点五：常见易混词辨析1、近义词辨析1. family; home; address; room; housefamily表“家庭”和“家庭（成员）”，home表“家”这个概念，address表“住址”即地点，room表“房间”或“空间”，house表“房子”.e.g. I really think Henan is great and it is my second _. A. family B. home C. address D. house 解析：题干想表达“是我第二个家”，所以应选B。 2. voice; sound; noise; voice表人和动物的“嗓音”，sound表“（泛指一切）声音”，noise指“噪音” e.g. At the foot of the mountain you could hear nothing but the _ of the running water. A. sound B. noise C. voice D. shout 解析：题意为“在山脚下，你什么都听不见除了流水的声音。”sound泛指“声音”。3. work, job, professionwork为不可数名词，表“工作”这个概念；job表“（某）具体的工作”，profession表“职业”4. cook; cooker 前者表职业“厨师”，后者表“炊具”。是中国学生易错点。5. rooms, room, space room做可数名词为“房间”，不可数名词时为“空间”，space指“空间”时，一般指比较大的空间。6. message, information, call; lettermessage表“短信”、“口信”, information表示“信息”, call表“电话”; letter表“信，字母”。7. much too和too much的区别 前者表示“实在太”后面加形容词，too much表示“（数量上）太多了”后面加不可数名词。 He is much too rich and has too much money. 他实在太富有了而且有太多的钱。2、 语境辨析所谓语境辨析，就是运用生活经验、知识积累，根据语句表达意思的需要选择正确的词语。e.g. The teacher said we needed to choose three _ for the school concert. A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 解析：因为farmers（农民），doctors (医生)，drivers (司机)与the school concert (学校音乐会)没有关系，而singers (歌手)与the school concert有关，所以选D。e.g. Thomas Edison never gave up. During his lifetime, he had 1093 _. A. instructions B. competitions C. inventions D. injections 其他的名词辨析就要靠平时学生熟记词汇，按照课程标准掌握每个名词的汉语释义。四、综合练习5年河南A卷巡礼( ) 1. How well she sings! Yes, she has a very sweet_. (2005) A.voice B.sound C. noise D.mouth( ) 2. 1 wanted to explain，but he didnt give me any_. (2006) A. excuse B. chance C .way D. choice( ) 3. Ive got a little _ in my house. Why not keep two or more? (2006) A. juice B. mice C. bread D. fish( ) 4. Look, the tall building looks very modern. Yes, and there is a garden on its_. A garden in the air! (2007) A. top B. ground C. side D. floor( ) 5. When I hurriedly got to the airport. the lady at the window told me that there were no _ left on that plane. (2008) A. places B. seats C. space D. room ( ) 6. I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. (2009) A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. noodles 7. The walls hold up the _. (用building的正确形式填空) (2008)8. They wanted us to stay with them, but we couldnt, as we had already booked two _ in a hotel. (用room的适当形式填空) 4年河南B卷巡礼( ) 9. Father once lived in that village for many years. He thought it was his second _. (2005) A. family B. hometown C. place D. country ( ) 10. - I know your father is a doctor. What about _? (2006) - Theirs are doctors, too. A. Jims and Toms B. Jims and Tom C. Jim and Toms D. Jim and Tom ( ) 11. - You know, my bike was broken, anderI have to walk here. - Can you think of a better _? You are always late for that! (2006) A. result B. advice C. excuse D. answer ( ) 12. - Excuse me, could I use your _ card? I have to call my parents for help. (2007) - Sure, here you are. A. post B. phone C. name D. ID( ) 13. - Mum, I found a _ in our mail box. (2008) -Thanks. I will go to the bank to pay it this afternoon. A. note B. postcard C. bill D. notice 15 ABDAB 610 buildings, A, rooms, BA 1113 CBC中考题源考点一( ) 1. To keep healthy, we should eat more vegetables and less _. A. meat B. food C. wine D. drink ( ) 2. It is said that two _ and three _ are going to visit our school next week. A. German, Japanese B. Germany, Japaneses C. Germans, Japanese ( ) 3.Youd better do morning _ every day because its good to have lots of _. A. exercise, exercise B. exercises, exercise C. exercises, exercise ( ) 4.I am sorry I am late. I hope I didnt cause you _. A. too many trouble B. much too trouble C. too much trouble ( ) 5. You look very tired this morning. What did you do yesterday afternoon?I did Christmas shopping. A. a lot of B. a few of C. a number of D. a piece of ( ) 6. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasnt news. A. many B. a few C. much D. few ( ) 7. _ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _ teachers. A number of; women B. A number of; woman C. The number of; women D. The number of; woman考点二( ) 8. The Chinese teacher asked us to write a _ composition yesterday. A. 800-word B. 800-words C. 800 words D. 800 words ( ) 9. _ mother made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and Anne B. Peters and Annes C. Peter and Annes 考点四( ) 10. Why do you get up so early in the morning, Tracy ？ I generally make it a _to be up by 7 to read English. A. plan B. wish C. secret D. rule( ) 11. Do the dishes, Mike, or I will tell mum! Mind your own ,Sue! A. action B. duty C. business D. way( ) 12. Why didnt you take a taxi back last night? Because I didnt have any _ with me. A. food B. bicycle C. friend D. money( ) 13. John always says that he likes apples of all the _ . A. vegetables B. fruits C. drinks( ) 14. Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do? Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. A. choice B. decision C. reason D. information( ) 15. Inmyopinion, Chinahas more _ofdealing withthedisease ofA/H1N1. I quiteagreewithyou. Chinese medicine works well. A. advantages B. interests C. equipments D. materials( ) 16. How can I see thick snow in most northern parts of China? You have to wait till _ comes, Steve. A. summer B. autumn C. winter( ) 17. Lets get some _ about tourism on the Internet. A. information B. message C. invention( ) 18. Shall we go shopping now? Sorry. Its not the right _. Im too tired. A. way B. weather C. place D. moment( ) 19. What makes you so upset? I wanted to explain why I was late, but Mr. White didnt give me a (n) _.A. way B. chance C. idea D. excuse( ) 20. Look at the flowers! They are in different _: red, yellow, pink A. colors B. sizes C. prices D. names( ) 21. You look very young, Mrs. Green. Could you tell me how old you are? Oh, sorry. Its a (n) _ . A. problem B. instruction C. secret D. business( ) 22. A school in Anshun held an activity called “