英语论文的写 作方法与技巧

-精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 1 英语论文的写作方法与技巧 成考：英语议论文的写作方法与技 巧 英语议论文的写作，大多有具体 要点的限定，所以并不需要如何地纵横 捭阖，如何地旁征博引。但是，麻雀虽 小，五脏俱全，一篇 100 来字的议论文， 同样必须逻辑严密，结构清晰，语言洗 练，必须论有中心，言而有据。以下笔 者试从篇章结构、句子修辞和词汇运用 等三个方面来谈一谈写好一篇小议论文 的基本方法和技巧。 一、篇章结构 先有规矩，然后才能从心所欲， 不逾矩 议论文的写作，住往从正反两方 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 2 面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模 式，即从“主题句一正面论述，反面论 述一结论”四大块去营造文章的基本结 构。例如，某题目要求论述“学校规定 课间学生只能呆在自己的教室里对 吗？”这一话题。如果作者认为学校的 规定不对，他就应该在文章第一块亮出 自己的观点：There is currently much discussion about whether students should stay in their own classrooms or not during break times.Personally I believe that。 而第二块应该从正面论述“课间不能只 呆在自己的教室里” 的理由。比如可以 说：I would argue that break times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do. 第三块则从反面观点，即“ 课间只 能呆在自己的教室里” 出发，批驳对方 观点或进一步阐述己方观点。例如可以 说：Another reason why people say that students have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be difficult to organize dinners.最后一块则用不同的 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 3 语言再次强调已方观点。乍一看去，议 论文“四块论 ”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑， 但“四块论”符合人的认知规律，所以值 得多多模仿和操练。 围绕中心论述，确保论述的内容 直接为主题服务 在上例中， “学生课间时不能只呆 在自己的教室里” 是主题句，论述时应 该紧紧围绕它。有的同学在写的时候先 说“学生若课间被允许到其他班级活动， 就可以交到更多的朋友” ，然后又说 “交 到更多朋友就可以学到更多知识”， “学 到更多知识就可以为社会做出更大的贡 献”?这种论述方式貌似环环相扣，承 前启后，实则是中心涣散的流水账，说 到最后，不仅读者会一头雾水，连作者 自己都会忘了自己在说什么。 确立并写好论点，并将其置于每 一段的段首 整篇文章有整篇文章的中心论点， 每一段落有每一段落的分论点。选取论 点时要问一问自己：这一论点是否会让 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 4 自己信服？如果个论点连自己都说服 不了，就要放弃它。段落论点的呈现不 能羞羞答答，犹报琵琶半遮面，也不能 深藏不露，让读者去总结和归纳，而必 须在文章开篇或段落开头就亮出来。论 点置于篇首或段首，才能纲举目张，也 是确保不跑题的前提。以下两个例子中， 第一个结构松散，群龙无首，令读者不 知所云；而第二个例子则中心突出，章 法严谨。请看： 1.Firstly ，it is very convenient in daily life.There are many shops and supermarkets in a city.I can buy everything I need easily in these places.When I am sick，I can easily see a doctor in any clinic or hospital.Transport services are good in a city.when I want to go somewhere，I can take a bus，a train or something else.There are also many kinds of entertainment in a city.Public buildingsand parks can easity be found in a city，too. -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 5 2.First.it is convenient and comfortable to live in a city.To begin with，there is good housing in a city，as all the houses and flats are well-equipped with good facilities and surrounded by modern amenities such as places of entertainment，public libraries and parks. 而中心句的写法也有讲究。中心 句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据，它 的关键词应该在每个论据中都有重复 或适当体现。那种无关痛痒的叙述或说 明性的句子，是不适宜用作中心句的。 例如： 1.Students always feel relaxed and happy during breaks. 2.Break times are scheduled for about 10 minutes. 以下即是论述“ 学校规定 课间 学生只能呆在自己的班级里对吗？” 的一篇学生习作：Although some people believe that students should stay in their own classrooms during break times，I -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 6 would like to argue that we should be allowed to spend break times in another class. The most important reason for believing that is that many students have friends in other classes.We spend all day in our own classroom，and break times are the only time we have to spend with other friends.It can become very tediousto have to spend even more time with the same people. A further reason for allowing student to choose where they spend their break times is that it would stop arguements.If students are forced to spend time with classmates who are not good friends，they can annoy each other.This leads to problems that have to be sorted out by teachers.Teachers argue that we all should stay in our own classes，because it is then easier to know what is going on.They say that it is difficult to keep track -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 7 of students when they are walking round the corridors.However，students could be given the chance to choose a different classroom to spend the whole break time in.That would mean that there would not be any students in the corridors. As I have explained，although it might be a little easier to manage when everyone stays in their own classroom，it would make break times happier for all students if they were allowed to choose where they spent their time. 这篇范文符合“ 四块论 ”的基本模 式，正反论述兼顾，结构严谨，中心突 出。 二、句子修辞 应用修辞，增强说服力 适当采用比喻、头韵、夸张等修 辞手法，采用幽默、平行结构等写作手 法，可以把道理说得更加透彻，把观点 表达得更加鲜明，把平淡的内容表现得 更加生动，从而更好地传递信息，增添 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 8 文采，激发读者的共鸣。例如： 1.Many people have tried a thousand times before they achieve their goals. 2.Only a madman would choose to live in a modern city. 3.Our life would be like soup without salt or flowers without sunlight. 4.The best way is to reduce，reuse and recycle. 5.For children.the Internet is another way to waste more hours. 6.If you want to earn a satisfactory grade in the training program，you must arrive punctually，you must behave courteously， and you must study conscientiously.值得注意的是，比喻等 修辞格的使用及谚语等的引用关乎作者 对英语文化的理解，因为它们在英语中 的意义往往与我们的理解大相径庭，很 容易误用。只有多多学习，认真分析它 们的应用环境，使用起来才能锦上添花。 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 9 如果没有十分的把握，切不可生搬硬套， 否则会适得其反。 表达到位，才能言之成理通常。 作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的， 但在将观点传达给读者时，往往因为用 词不准确，逻辑欠严密，或因受中国式 思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果使读 者如堕五里雾中。作者应站在读者的立 场上考虑问题，始终牢记“读者明不明 白”才是判断写作是否成功的最重要标 准。 请看以下几个表达不到位的例句 及其改正方法。 1.They gave me what I need，but not what I want.析：want 可译为“想要”。 从汉语角度看，整个句子是流畅的，但 从英语的逻辑上看，want 与 need 的意 义极易混淆，因此整个句子意义表达不 到位，含糊不清。可以改为：They have given me what I need but not What I often ask for. 2.Maybe there are also some -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 10 disadvantages of living in a city，but I think they are less important.I feel convenient and comfortable.析：句子后 半部分的逻辑关系未交代清楚，令人有 “前语不搭后语 ”的感觉。可以改为： Theere are surely disadvantages of living in a city，too，but they are less important and tend to be de-emphasized.For the sake of the advantages mentioned above，I prefer to live in a city. 3.Different people have different choices.Some people like living in a city and some people like living in a village.析： Choice 的含义十分宽泛，因此与后面的 like 不相称，应改为：Different people have different likes and dislikes.Some like to live in a city，others like to live in a village. 4.The people，the society and so on were quite different from now.析：The people，the society 依然不足以让读者完 全理解要论述的话题，可改为：The -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 11 peopIe，the society and other aspects of life were quite different from now. 5.Thieves should be sentenced for what they have done.析：使用 sentence 未免言过其实，应改为：Thieves should be punished for their wrongdoing. 简洁洗练，要言不烦语言简洁有 力。 文风干净利落，是议论文的重要 特征之一。应该指出的是，好句子并不 以长短论英雄，长句未必不简洁，短句 未必不哆咳。作者在写作时，只要力求 做到“章无冗段，段无冗句，句无冗词” ， 就可改变当断不断、拖泥带水的现象。 1.The Are No Good Reasons Why Boys and Girls Should Not Be Treated Equally.析：此为一标题句，此作者滥 用双重否定，从而使句子过长。宜改为： Boys and Girls Should Be Given Equal Treatment. 2.For instance，I knew how to communicate with other people and how -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 12 to look after myself.The most important thing was that I learn to be independent.析： 从意义上讲，look after myself 与 independent 关系紧密，可以合在一起。 句子可改为：For instance，I knew how to communicate with others and how to look after myself as an independent girl. 3.Moreover，as some girls study harder than boys，they may be even superior.析： moreover 后若继续用从句， 就会干扰读者的思维。可改为： Moreover，some girls are very dilgent.As a result，they may prove superior to ordinary boys. 4.What I mean to say is that well- intentioned law-makers sometimes make fools of themselves.析：what 从句并未提 供新信息，故可删去。句子可改为： Well-intentioned lawmakers sometimes make fools of themselves. 三、词汇运用 多用书面语，少用口头语 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 13 相对口头语而言，书面语更能增 添文章的厚重感和读者对文章的信任感。 下列每一组句子中，第二句都使用了书 面语言，用词更加规范，因而比前一个 句子略胜筹。 1.We still have the social problems. The same social problems still exist today. 2.For me，there is no need for further protection of woodlands. As far as Im concerned，further protection of woodlands is not needed. 3.With the development of computer technology， commercial information exchange is becoming easier. Computers have greatly influenced business communication. 4.Everything has two sides and this problem is quite the same. Everything has two sides and this issue is not an exception. 使用连接词在 句子间使用连接词，能使文章脉络更加 清晰，逻辑关系更加流畅。例如： -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经