赛达写作素材 ：巴斯德

-精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 1 赛达写作素材：巴斯德 官方网站： SAT 写作素材：巴斯德 小马过河小编为大家搜集了一篇 关于巴斯德的 SAT 写作素材，希望对 大家有所帮助，能够借鉴和总结写作高 分经验。小马过河全国免费电话咨询： 400-0123-267。 Pasteur Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the region of Jura, France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the “germ theory of disease”, is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 2 for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine. Pasteurs phenomenal contributions to microbiology and medicine can be summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by microbes. Second, he discovered that weakened forms of a microbe could be used as an immunization against more virulent forms of the microbe. Third, Pasteur found that rabies was transmitted by agents so small they could not be seen under a microscope, thus revealing the world of viruses. As a result he developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies, and to treat humans bitten by rabid dogs. And fourth, Pasteur developed “pasteurization”, a process by which harmful microbes in perishable food products are destroyed using heat, without destroying the food. -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 3 His Works Each discovery in the body of Pasteurs work represents a link in an uninterrupted chain, beginning with molecular asymmetry and ending with his rabies prophylaxis, by way of his research in fermentation, silkworm, wine and beer diseases, asepsis and vaccines. From Crystallography to Molecular Asymmetry In 1847 at the age of 26, Pasteur did his first work on molecular asymmetry, bringing together the principles of crystallography, chemistry and optics. He formulated a fundamental law: asymmetry differentiates the organic world from the mineral world. In other words, asymmetric molecules are always the product of life forces. His work became the basis of a new science -stereochemistry. Research on Fermentation and Spontaneous Generation -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 4 At the request of a distiller named Bigo from the north of France, Pasteur began to examine why alcohol becomes contaminated with undesirable substances during fermentation. He soon demonstrated that each sort of fermentation is linked to the existence of a specific microorganism or ferment - a living being that one can study by cultivation in an appropriate, sterile medium. This insight is the basis of microbiology. 官方网站： Pasteur delivered the fatal blow to the doctrine of spontaneous generation, the theory held for 20 centuries that life could arise spontaneously in organic materials. He also developed a germ theory. At the same time, he discovered the existence of life without oxygen: ”Fermentation is the consequence of life without air”. The discovery of -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 5 anaerobic life paved the way for the study of germs that cause septicemia and gangrene, among other infections. Thanks to Pasteur, it became possible to devise techniques to kill microbes and to control contamination. Technique of “Pasteurization” Emperor Napoleon III asked Pasteur to investigate the diseases afflicting wine which were causing considerable economic losses to the wine industry. Pasteur went to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by microorganisms that can be killed by heating the wine to 55deg.C for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk, this process, called “pasteurization”, soon came into use throughout the world. Research on Infectious Diseases Afflicting Man and Animal In 1865, Pasteur began to study the -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 6 silkworm diseases that were crippling the silk industry in France. He discovered the infectious agents and revealed the manner in which these agents are transmitted-by contagion and hereditary principle - and how to prevent them. Elaborating on his study of fermentation, he could now confirm that each disease is caused by a specific microbe and that these microbes are foreign elements. With this knowledge, Pasteur was able to establish the basic rules of sterilization or asepsis. Preventing contagion and infection, his method of sterilization revolutionized surgery and obstetrics. From 1877 to 1887, Pasteur employed these fundamentals of microbiology in the battle against infectious diseases. He went on to discover three bacteria responsible for human illnesses : staphylococcus, streptococcus and pneumococcus. -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 7 Treatment and Prevention of Rabies Louis Pasteur discovered the method for the attenuation of virulent microorganisms that is the basis of vaccination. He developed vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas. After mastering his method of vaccination, he applied this concept to rabies. On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested his pioneering rabies treatment on man for the first time : the young Joseph Meister was saved. The Creation of the Pasteur Institute On March 1, 1886, Pasteur presented the results of his rabies treatment to the Academy of 官方网站： Sciences and called for the creation of a rabies vaccine center. An extensive, international public drive for funds -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 8 financed the construction of the Pasteur Institute, a private, state-approved institute recognized by the President of France, Jules Grvy, in 1887 and inaugurated by his successor Sadi Carnot in 1888. In accordance with Pasteurs wishes, the Institute was founded as a clinic for rabies treatment, a research center for infectious disease and a teaching center. The 66-year-old scientist went on to dedicate the last seven years of his life to the Institute that still bears his name. During this period, Pasteur also came to know the joys of fame and was honored throughout the world with prestigious decorations. His work was continued and amplified throughout the world by his disciples, the Pasteuriens. A Man of Freedom and Rigor Pasteurs work is not simply the sum of his discoveries. It also represents -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 9 the revolution of scientific methodology. Pasteur superimposed two indisputable rules of modern research: the freedom of creative imagination necessarily subjected to rigorous experimentation. He would teach his disciples : ”Do not put forward anything that you cannot prove by experimentation” Louis Pasteur was a humanist, always working towards the improvement of the human condition. He was a free man who never hesitated to take issue with the prevailing yet false ideas of his time. He ascribed particular importance to the spread of knowledge and the applications of research. In the scientists lifetime, Pasteurien theory and method were p