英文写作终极 指南：简洁才是王道

-精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 1 英文写作终极指南：简洁才是王道 英文写作终极指南：简洁才是王道！ What is good writing? 什么样的文章是好文章？ It depends on what country youre from. We all know whats considered “good writing” in our own country. We grow up immersed in the cadences and sentence structure of the language we were born into, so we think, “Thats probably what every country considers good writing; they just use different words.” If only! I once asked a student from Cairo, “What kind of language is Arabic?” She said, “Its all adjectives.” -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 2 这取决于你来自何处。我们都知 道在自己的国家好文章是什么样的。我 们从小到大，已经熟知我们母语的抑扬 顿挫和句子结构，于是我们认为，其他 国家所谓的好文章也应该是这样，只不 过用的语言不同。要是这样就好了！我 有次问一个来自开罗的学生：“阿拉伯 语是什么样的语言？” 她回答说： “都是 形容词。 ” Well, of course its not all adjectives, but I knew what she meant: its decorative, its ornate, its intentionally pleasing. But all those adjectives and all that decoration would be the ruin of any journalist trying to write good English. No proverbs, please. 当然，不可能都是形容词，我知 道她的意思：阿拉伯语是一种注重雕饰 和阅读快感的语言。但是太多形容词和 太多雕饰都不利于英文的新闻写作。千 万别使用那么多谚语。 Spanish also comes with a heavy -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 3 load of beautiful baggage that will smother any journalist writing in English. 西班牙 语也一样，有太多不利于英文写作的修 饰语。 English is not as musical as Spanish, or Italian, or French, or as ornamental as Arabic, or as vibrant as some of your native languages. But Im hopelessly in love with English because its plain and its strong. It has a huge vocabulary of words that have precise shades of meaning; theres no subject, however technical or complex, that cant be made clear to any reader in good English - if its used right. Unfortunately, there are many ways of using it wrong. Those are the damaging habits I want to warn you about today. 英语不像西班牙语、意大利语或 者法语那样富有音律美，也不像阿拉伯 语那样华丽，可能也不像你们的母语那 样生动鲜活，但我就是无可救药地热爱 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 4 英语，因为它平实有力，拥有海量意义 鲜明的词汇。描述一样事物，不管多高 科技多复杂，在标准英语中读者都看懂 - 如果描述准确。不幸的是很多人都不 能正确使用英语。以下就是我希望大家 避免的一些错误习惯。 First, a little history. The English language is derived from two main sources. One is Latin, the other is Anglo-Saxon. The words derived from Latin are the enemy - they will strangle and suffocate everything you write. The Anglo-Saxon words will set you free. 首先，了解英语的历史。英语来 源于拉丁语和安格鲁-撒克逊语。来自 拉丁语的单词是我们的宿敌 - 它们会 使你的写作佶屈聱牙。安格鲁-撒克逊 语才能解开你的束缚。 How do those Latin words do their strangling and suffocating? In general they are long, pompous nouns that end in-ion - like implementation and maximization and -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 5 communication - or that end in-ent - like development and fulfillment. Those nouns express a vague concept or an abstract idea, not a specific action that we can picture. Heres a typical sentence: “Prior to the implementation of the financial enhancement.” That means “Before we fixed our money problems.” 拉丁词语是怎么束缚你的文体的 呢？一般来说都是些长并华而不实的单 词，以 ion 结尾，像 implementation、maximization、 communication 或者以 ent 结尾，像 development 和 fulfillment。这些词语描 述的都是一个模糊或抽象的概念，不是 我们能够明确说明的行动。一个典型句 子就是：财政强化计划实施之前。其实 就是说：解决钱的问题之前。 Believe it or not, this is the language that people in authority in America routinely use. They think those long Latin words make them sound -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 6 important. It no longer rains in America; your TV weatherman will tell that you were experiencing a precipitation probability situation. 不管你信不信，这些就是美国的 高层人士常用语。他们认为这些长长的 拉丁单词能突显自己的身份。美 国已经没有下雨这一说了，天气 预报员只会提到降水概率这个词。 Im sure all of you, newly arrived in America, have already been driven crazy trying to figure out the instructions for ordering a cell phone or connecting your computer, or applying for a bank loan or a health insurance policy, and you assume that those of us who were born here can understand this stuff. I assure you that we dont understand it either. 我相信你们所有人刚来美国的时 候，都曾为订购手机、上网、申请银行 贷款、购买健康保险的流程说明而抓狂， 并认为我们美国人读得懂这些东西。其 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 7 实我们一样看不懂。 Those long Latin usages have so infected everyday language in America that you might well think, “If thats how people write who are running the country, thats how Im supposed to write.” Its not. Let me read you two typical letters I recently received in the mail. 这些拉丁词在日常英语中的大量 使用也许让你产生错觉，认为“如果统 领这个国家的人是用这些词写作的，那 么我也应该这样写作。 ”不是这样的。我 来给你们读两封此类典型的电子邮件吧。 The first one is from the president of a private club in New York. It says, “Dear member: The board of governors has spent the past year considering proactive efforts that will continue to professionalize the club and to introduce efficiencies that we will be implementing throughout 2009.” That means theyre -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 8 going to try to make the club run better 第一封来自纽约一家私人俱乐部 的老板：“亲爱的会员：在过去的一年 里董事会一直在考虑如何做出更积极的 努力以继续增强俱乐部的职能以及 2009 年将落实的各项便利措施。 ”这其实表示 说他们将努力使俱乐部运营得更好。 A “As we a Data conversions “正如 我们之前所商谈过的，我们于九月底完 成了系统转换。数据转换还牵涉了额外 步骤和调节措施。 翻译：改进我们的工作所花费的 时间比预计要长。 We apologize if you were inconvenienced as we completed the verification process. 如果在核准系统期间您感到不方 便，我们对此致以歉意。 翻译：我们希望现在一切正常。 Further enhancements will be introduced in the next calendar quarter. -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 9 下一季度我们将继续改进。 . ” 翻译：我们还在研究这事。 Notice those horrible long Latin words: 看看这些吓人的拉丁词： mmunicated, conversion, reconciliation, enhancements, verification. 商谈，转换，调节，改进，核准。 So if those are the bad nouns, what are the good nouns? The good nouns are the thousands of short, simple, infinitely old Anglo-Saxon nouns that express the fundamentals of everyday life: house, home, child, chair, bread, milk, sea, sky, earth, field, grass, road words that are in our bones, words that resonate with the oldest truths. Dont try to find a noun that you think sounds more impressive or “literary.” Short Anglo-Saxon nouns are your second-best tools as a journalist -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 10 writing in English. 如果这些都是不合适的词语，那 么哪些才是合适的词呢？就是能够表达 基本日常生活的几千个简短而古 老的安格鲁-撒克逊名词：房子， 家庭，孩子，椅子，面包，牛奶，大海， 天空，大地，田野，小草，马路?这些 我们铭记于心、回响着古老真理的词。 不要试图找一个你觉得更让人印象深刻 或更“文学”的词。短小的安格鲁 -撒克逊 词是你在进行新闻写作时第二位的好帮 手。 What are your best tools? Your best tools are short, plain Anglo-Saxon verbs. I mean active verbs, not passive verbs. If you could write an article using only active verbs, your article would automatically have clarity and warmth and vigor. 你最好的帮手又是什么呢？简短 平易的安格鲁-撒克逊动词。我说的是 主动态动词，不是被动态。如果你能写 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 11 一篇全用主动态的文章，那肯定是一篇 清晰、亲切又有力的好文章。 One of my favorite writers is Henry David Thoreau. Thoreaus writing moves with simple strength because he uses one active verb after another to push his meaning along. Heres a famous sentence from him: Henry David Thoreau 是我最喜欢 的作家之一。Thoreau 的文笔简洁而遒 劲，因为他总是使用主动态来传情达意。 下面是他写的一个很有名的句子： I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of nature, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. 我去森林是因为我希望在思考中 生活，只面对最真实的自然本质。我想 看我是不是能学到自然教与我的东西， 不希望在我临死时发现自己从未真正活 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 12 过。 Now let me turn that sentence into the passiv