2018职称英语理工A幺建华考试知识点复习考点归纳总结字典版.doc

34batteries built by viruses病毒电池what do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and aids have in common? theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.in cambridge，massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. they are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries. 然而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer angela belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. at the massachusetts institute of technology (mit) in cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. in the case of the virus-built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology，technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。belchers team includes paula hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries，and yet-ming chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature, says hammond. 贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。”many batteries are already pretty small. you can hold a，c and d batteries6 in your hand. the coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. however，every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. as these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries wont be small enough to fit inside. 许多电池已经很小了。a型、c型和d型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。the ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. right now，belchers model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery. but inside，its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope. 理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。 ，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。how small are these battery parts? to get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. these microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7. 这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。1.according to the first paragraph，people try to 根据第一段，人们设法去c.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases. 躲避病毒，因为他们的疾病都是由病毒引起的。2.what is belchers team doing at present? belcher的团队现在正在做什么c.it is making batteries with viruses. 制造病毒电池。3.what expression below is opposite in meaning to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5 ? 那个词可以和第5段中的“shrink收缩”表达意思相反d.expand. 膨胀4.which of the following is true of belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6? 6段中提到的belchers battery哪个描述是真的d.it is a metallic disk with viruses inside it. 它是指由病毒构成的金属圆盘。5.how tiny is one battery part? 一个电池部件有多小？a.its width is one tenth of a hair. 它的宽度是头发的1/1035putting plants to work植物效能using the power of the sun is nothing new. people have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. but plants are the real experts : theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years. 太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑。但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. this conversion process is called photosynthesis. unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it. 绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量。这种转换过程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. for example, mafia ghirardi of the national renewable energy laboratory in golden, colo. 2, is working with green algae3. shes trying to trick them into producing hydrogen4 instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。例如，玛丽亚奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。 the algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. during photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. but under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. ghirardi says. for example, algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. 在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉。奇若蒂说：“但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀粉。”例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。working in an air free environment, however, is difficult. its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. but ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present. 藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. with more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen. 只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。the researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. the organisms are cheap to get and to feed, ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: you can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. you can grow them in the ocean. theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. 研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。藻类这种生物极易存活，他们可以在几乎任何地方成长。奇若蒂说，：“你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛。”1. what does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? 关于植物涉及太阳能，作者说?c) plants have been using solar energy for billions of years. 植物数十亿年来一直利用太阳能2. why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? 一些科学家研究植物如何把阳光、二氧化碳、水转化成糖和淀粉的原因是?b) because they want green plants to become a new source of energy. 因为他们想让绿色植物变成新的能源3. according to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? 根据第五段，_时，海藻能用太阳能制造氢气？b) when there is no oxygen in the air. 当空气中没有氧气4. researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. which one of the following is one such difficulty? 研究员们发现在努力使海藻有效产生氢气时存在困难，这样的困难是?d) it is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed. 硫酸盐被清除后，海藻太慢而不能产生（更多）的氢气5. what is not true of algae? 于海藻的说法，错误的是?c) they are cheap to eat. 作为食物，它们很便宜36listening device provides landslide early warning听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警a device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by uk researchers. the device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. such natural disasters arc common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion. 英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土壤振动提供早期山崩预告。科学家们说，这种仪器通过警报某处有险情需要撤离，每年可以拯救成千上万的生命。经历过骤降大耐，地震甚至土壤侵蚀的国家，山崩这样的自然灾害是很常见的。 landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. following this initial movement, slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes, says nell dixon at southborough university1, uk. he says a warning system that monitors this movement might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. 当同一个山坡上的一些土壤或石块开始移动时，山崩就开始了，但早期很难发现。接着这个初始运动，“山坡在数分钟或数小时内变得不稳定，”英国拉夫堡大学尼尔迪克森说。他说，一个监控这种运动的警报系统“足以疏散一个，街区的人或清出一条马路，拯救生命”。the most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. slopes can. however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. now dixons team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations caused when particles begin moving within a slope. 监视迫近的山崩，最常见的办法就是观察这座山形状的变化。研究者们可以直接测量，也可以在钻孔中或者地表面上探测山坡形状的变化。可是，山坡改变形状也未必就导致山崩。所以任何一种方法都可能导致误警。现在，迪克森的团队已发明了一种仪器，它在一个山坡内的颗粒开始移动时可以接收到振动。 the device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. the borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. these vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent. 这个仪器是钢管形状，探人山坡上的一个钻孔中。钻孔中仪器的四周填满沙砾，有助于传导山坡内颗粒产生的高频振动波。振动波顺着钢管上传，被地表传感器接收。通过软件分析振动信号，判断是否马上要发生山崩。 the device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in newcastle2, uk. early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes. 目前这种仪器正在英国纽卡斯尔一座6米高人造石灰大坝中接受测试。先期结果显示它比现有的仪器提供较少的判断误差。一旦这种仪器通过了认真彻底的检测，它将成为个完善的山崩早期预警系统。 locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, says adam poulter, an expert at the british red cross. as long as it doesnt cost too much, but, poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. you need to have the human communication, he says. making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. “受山崩严重威胁的地区一定会从这样的仪器中得益，”英国红十字会的专家艾登保特说，“只要它不是太贵。”但是，保特又说一个早期预警系统本身并不足以防灾，“你需要建立人际交流，”他说，“使系统发射的预警送达到需要的人群是不容易的事。”41. what does such natural disasters in the first paragraph refer to? 第1段提到的“这样的自然灾害”是?d landslides. 山崩42. which of the following statements is true of landslides? 关于山崩下面正确的一句是?a the initial movement is hard to spot.b they start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.c they can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.d all of the above.43. why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides? 为什么科学家们研制一种新的仪器来监控山崩征兆？c because the common methods .can cause false alarms. 因为普通方法可能导致假的预警44. which of the following statements is not true of the device, according to paragraph 4? 根据第4段，关于这个设备不正确的一句是a it is filled in with gravel. 它添满了沙粒45. according to the context, what does the word positives in the fifth paragraph mean? 根据上下文，单词“positives”的意思是b evidences. 证据37“dont drink alone” gets new meaning不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义in what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an european research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. luigino dal maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. 一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。luigino dal maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。after the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,” dal maso says. the discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。”dal maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。for their new analysis, the european scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. the lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. the highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. for instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. if people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. 为了进行新的颁，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。people in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. in contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. 和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。“alcohol can inflame tissues. over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” dal maso says. he suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. he speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol. “酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”dal maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦牛。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。1. researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people口腔与颈椎癌症的高危人群是a. who drink alcohol outside of meals. 就餐时间外饮酒2. which of the following is not the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?哪一个不是研究者关于就餐饮酒的情况？c. it increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. 癌症几率增加20%3. approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 每天酒精最低摄入量是？a. 3 drinks.4. which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?在这里患哪种癌的几率最低？b. laryngeal cancer喉癌5. according to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol据最后一段组织酒精的降低会d. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 降低喉癌的机率38life form found on saturns titan土卫六上发现了生命迹象 scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the saturns moon2. the discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the us space agency,nasa3,analyzed data from spacecraft cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on saturns biggest moon. 科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(nasa)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。 scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings arebreathing intitans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen. 据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。 they argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. this,they say,points to the existence of somebugs5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the earth. 他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。 we suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on earth,says nasa scientist chris mckay.if these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on earth. 美国国家航空航天局的科学家chris mckay说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”to date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. on titan, where temperatures are around 90 kelvin6(minus 290 degrees farenheit)