The Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer 毕业论文范文评析.doc

the charms of the adventures of tom sawyerabstract: tom sawyer, a story of a boys adventures filled with curiosity and imagination created by mark twain, has attracted young readers and captured their general feeling one generation after another. based on psychology, this paper tries to explore in what way tom sawyer goes along with the childrens psychology and wins the admiration of young readers. the charm is demonstrated by a profound understanding of tom sawyers idealism, his naivete and innocence, his curiosity, fantasy and heroism, and through mark twains careful observation, his unconventional writing and his unique device in style. (点评：这篇摘要概括性较强，可以说是本论文的“缩影”。)key words: tom sawyer, charm, psychological factor, style introduction sparkling with mischief, jumping with youthful adventure, mark twains tom sawyer is one of the most splendid recreations of childhood in all of literature. tom sawyer is the first of a long line of adolescent heroes in american fiction. it is a book that is more than a boys book. like gullivers travels, alice in wonderland and huckleberry finn, it owes its greatness to the fact that it can be read and admired on all age levels. i have been interested in psychology for quite some time. since tom sawyer is regarded as a masterpiece in the childrens literature, the real key to its success must be sought in its popularity among young readers. on the basis of psychology, this thesis intends to explore in what way tom sawyer goes along with the childrens psychology and therefore wins the admiration of young readers.（提出论点：探究汤姆.索亚历险记为何如此符合儿童心理并为年轻读者所青睐。) (文章的起始句用了两个对称而协调的分词短语，显得正式、高雅。) 1. childrens naivete and innocence1. 1 brief analysis naivete and innocence are two of the common characteristics of children. (这是第一个分论点总论点提出后，文章从六个方面六个分论点展开论述。 ) children always comprehend the world around them with their simple heart and ponder over a problem with their childish ignorance. in this story, mark twain makes tom sawyer a professional boy, incessantly a boy, nothing but a boy, who has the characteristics of children in general. confronted with any kind of circumstances, tom responds by making a game of it, by relying on his reading, by posing or acting out a part. （开门见山，观点明确，然后用演绎推理的方式展开下文。） 1.2 toms boyish fashion of doing things 1.2. 1 playing truant monday morning finds tom sawyer in low spirits because another weeks suffering in school comes. tom tries to detect some symptoms in his system so that he can stay home from school. he discovers that one of his upper front teeth is loose. he is about to groan, but thinking of the terrible result of having the tooth pulled out, he gives up. he finally chooses his sore toe as an excuse and falls to groaning with considerable spirit. tom expects sid, his younger brother, who sleeps beside him, to wake up and run to tell aunt polly about his symptoms. but no matter how tom groans, no result comes from sid. tom was aggravated. he said, sid! sid! and shook him. but when sid wakes up and stares at him, tom pretends to let sid leave him alone. he acts as if he is dying and says, i forgive everybody, sid. (groan.) tellem so, sid. and sid, you give my window sash and my cat with one eye to that new girl thats come to town, and tell her. sid becomes so frightened that he flies downstairs to tell aunt polly that tom is dying. this is toms painstakingly plotting fraud which makes sid believe him but cannot deceive aunt polly. it is too simple, a cheap trick by children. it ends with toms loose tooth pulled out and he still has to go to school. from the above episode we find that tom is an alert and resourceful child without losing his naivete and innocence in childhood. after all, children are still incomplete beings. under any circumstances, children respond in an innocent and simple fashion, and tend to treat the problems they encounter in their unique childish way. the above episode is a wonderful example of the boy mind, which inhabits a world quite distinct from that in which he is bodily present with his elders.（切入正题显得有点突然，章节之间的联系还可以严密些。) (引文衔接自然。运用事例型论据阐释第一个分论点。)1.2. 2 love-affair mark twain also writes about what children feel about those of the opposite sex during the childrens psychological development. and he reflects it through the hero, tom sawyer. there is a vivid description about toms love complication for becky. once tom sees a new girl with furtive eye in jeff thatchers garden. immediately he fell in love with her. he began to show off in all sorts of absurd boyish ways in order to win her admiration. when he sees the girl wending her way toward the house, tom came up to the fence and leaned on it, grieving, and hoping she would tarry yet a while longer. his face lit up, right away, for she tossed a pansy over the fence a moment before she disappeared. before tom worshiped this new angel with furtive eye, he had been the happiest and the proudest boy in the world only seven short days, and here in one instant of time she had gone out of his heart like a casual stranger whose visit is done. this is the beginning of toms love story with his childishly fickle desertion of his fiance, amy lawrence. many children have the inclination to show off before those of the opposite sex so as to catch their attention. but the so-called love cannot go beyond the limit of immaturity of toms age. for them, the love is only some trick or game. mark twain grasps the childrens psychology and writes about toms love-affair that is only boys love-affair, but is never treated otherwise than as a boys love-affair. it is removed from the looming sexuality of childhood and adolescence. it reminds many young readers of their own love-affair, simple and childish. (事例型论据与（下一段的）理论型论据相结合，使论证更有力。)1.2.3 childish imitation“children often obtain scanty knowledge from adults and books about concept, custom and conduct, and according to their understanding and imagination, try to imitate.”“imitation is commonly accepted as an innate tendency to mimic or copy others.” for children,“imitation is supposed to play a role in learning.”finding himself in a not yet familiar world, children need aid from what they read and see to learn things and testify them through their childish imitation, though no thorough understanding is involved. (不同来源的理论型论据增强了论点的可信度和论文的权威性。)the same is true when tom asks becky for a kiss only because that is ritual he has read about in books when people get engaged. toms childish imitation according to his reading may seem absurd to adults, but not to young readers. (运用篇章衔接手段，过渡自然。) not having much social experience, they look upon books and adults as authorities which help them portray all aspects of life. after huck hears from an adult that his warts can be cured with dead cats, huck and tom carry a dead cat. and visit the cemetery at night. being boys, they think they can control the occult forces of darkness, dread and violence by laying spells on such things.they are superstitious about many things in a way that shows their dread of the unknown powers behind nature as well as their childish ignorance. 1.3 summary actually, naivete and innocence are so typical characteristics of children that many events of the story give expression to them. if we consider the whole story comprises four lines of action-the story of tom and becky, the story of tom and muff potter, the jacksons island episode and the series of happenings (which might be called the injun joe story) leading to the discovery of the treasure, each one of these is initiated by a characteristic and typically boyish action. the love story begins with toms childishly fickle desertion of amy, the potter narrative with the superstitious trip to the graveyard, jacksons island episode with the adolescent revolt of the boy against aunt polly, and injun joe story with the juvenile search for buried treasure. during his reading, a young reader shares the experience of tom sawyer. he is pleasantly reminded of what he is himself, how he feels and thinks, and what queer enterprises they sometimes engage in, all of which cannot go beyond the limit of childish ignorance.(这是对文章内容的小结。水到渠成。结论自然。2. childrens curiosity behavior2. 1 brief analysis curiosity is another element in the childrens psychology. (这是第二个分论点。文章仍采取事例型论据与理论型论据相结合的方式和演绎推理的形式展开论述。) a child with curiosity often has wide interests in all kinds of things around him and likes asking various questions. he seems to have a feeling of being eager to have a try. but the above-mentioned all kinds of things must be novel things. here we have an example: connie, age four, is given a choice of playing with different toys. toy a is familiar, a toy she has played with several times. toy b is unfamiliar and is thus perceived by connie as a novel stimulus, if she selects toy b over toy a, we are likely to explain the choice by saying she is curious about toy b. therefore curiosity behavior should be defined as behavior characterized by explanatory or stimulus-seeking responses to either novel or complex stimuli novelty is identified in the definition. a stimulus is novel if it is new or different, such as toy b for connie, which qualifies as novel stimulus. so common is curiosity behavior that there is a general hypothesis in psychology that such behavior has an in-born basis. curiosity is classified as one of the general drives. ” as one of the general drives, curiosity plays a very important role in childrens life. for children, the world is a mysterious, fascinating, rich and colorful world. they usually spare no efforts to try to understand everything or experience everything that they become interested in.” when mark twain creates tom sawyer and other characters in the story, he gives prominence to childrens curiosity, attempting to capture the general feeling of young readers. ( 连续，过多地使用直接引语，难免有“抄袭”之嫌。) 2.2 curiosity behavior in the story2.2. 1 toms episode of whitewashing the fence in this story, one of the typical examples of childrens curiosity can be found in the most famous episode in tom sawyer-toms deceiving his friends into enjoying the privilege of whitewashing aunt pollys fence. tom is punished to whitewash aunt pollys fence on saturday morning when every child can go out and play. tom attempts to persuade jim, a colored boy, to whitewash some instead of doing it himself. he promises to show jim his sore toe. jim was only human-this attraction was too much for him. driven by curiosity, he put down his pail, took the white alley, and bent over the toe with absorbing interest while the bandage was being unwounded. ”jim is sure to whitewash the fence if aunt polly does not return home from the field. tom fails. yet at this moment, a great, magnificent inspiration bursts upon him. he manages to make his hard work very novel that may arouse the curiosity of the children who pass by the fence. he even exclaims: like it? well, i dont see why i oughtnt to like it. does a boy get a chance to whitewash a fence every day? besides, he pretends to refuse one of his friends request of having a try. thus the hard work appears so fascinating that it lures all the children in the village. all of them try to be the first to enjoy the privilege of whitewashing.（作者对原著内容非常熟悉，因而能够表达自如。）2.2.2 curiosity as the vital motivation of action from the beginning to the end of the story, tom can talk other children into doing anything because no one really shares the experience he has read about in books. he manages to persuade huck and joe to take adventure on jacksons island with him because it appears so novel that they cannot resist having a try. in fact, curiosity plays such a great role in childrens psychology that if not compelled by curiosity, the important part of motivation, tom sawyer and other characters in the story would not have episodes of the childish imitation, the superstitious trip to the grave yard, the adventures on the isolated island and in the cave or the discovery of the hidden gold which comprise most part of the story to young readers delight. （通过对事例型论据的陈述，证明了第二个分论点。）3. childrens fantasy world and heroism3. 1 fantasy world3. 1. i brief analysisfor tom, being keen on heroic conduct and thrilling adventures, and being fond of thrillers are the characteristics of children during this period. here, toms uniqueworld is impossibly romantic an even visionary. he reads stories of pirates, robin hood and medieval knights and ladies. he is keen on having life live up to his favorite stories. but for his fantasy world, his heroic conduct may not take its concrete form. （这是第三个分论点。论证方式同前。） fantasy is a mental process consisting of images produced by the imagination in contrast to images produced by the senses. this process can be said to apply both daydreams and night dreams. although the output of the fantasies can be elicited and their direction and content influenced by conscious intentions, usually fantasies emerge unconsciously, determined by memories, by past and primarily current emotional states, and by hopes, expectations for the future. as identified in the above quotation, conscious intentions, hopes and expectations help to bring about toms fantasies because he has the intention of being a great hero. (直接引文在一段之内所占比重太大。最好是把其中某些引文的内容融化为自己的观点。）3. 1.2 toms fantasy world in toms fantasy world, the small village of st. petersburg is an ideal place where he can take thrilling adventures. cardiff hill is the sherwood forest in robin hood. jacksons island is the nest of pirates. he decides to be a pirate who sears the eyeballs of all his companions with unappeasable envy. fantasy plays a considerable part in a childs life, especially as an important element in play. it is in tom sawyer that young readers find their own similar fantasy world in which all of the imaginary sequences star themselves as heroic figures. tom is tired of the spiritless life in the village, and he finds refuge in his fantasy world. fantasy is understood to be unreal and non-reality offers humans a refuge from reality. what makes tom delightful to young readers is that on the imaginative side he is very much more, and though every boy has wild and fantastic dreams, this boy cannot rest till he has somehow realized them. yet one thing we should keep in mind is that tom is a very lucky boy, and that he does manage to have life live up to his favorite stories, making the village of st. petersburg a place where there exist pirates, glory and hidden treasure.（紧扣主题：年轻读者的心理。）3.2 the tendency to heroism3. 2. 1 brief analysis as said before, children are keen on heroic conduct and thrilling adventures. the tendency to heroism, being fond of showing off his bravery are the characteristics in the period of a childs life. like most children, tom is eager to cause a stir in the community. he wishes to travel around the world, to be a soldier, a plainman, a pirate so as to stroll into the st. petersburg church some sunday morning and bask in the respect of the village. tom does grow into a hero at the end of the story, disguised as a mischievous and disobedient boy. tom can achieve that because whatever he has read of that world beyond the village, in which pirates, robin hood and medieval knights act out some gorgeous code, tom himself must act out. besides, toms dominant trait, that is, his unquestioned sense of himself as guide and leader to every other boy in town, leads to the success of his heroic conduct. other boys follow him for they can no more resist toms wild fancy than young readers can resist twains.（条分缕析，层层深入。）3.2. 2 toms heroic conduct the tendency to heroism as part of the motivation leads tom to win victory amazingly and finally become a great hero in the community. tom, huck and joe fleeto the isolated island to act out pirates“gorgeous”code, leaving the whole village in chaos. in his stealthy visit to home, he keeps mum when aunt polly and joes mother are lamenting the boys presumed death. tom manages the shattering appearance of the boys at their own“funeral”.among the envying boys around him, the “pirate” obtains“the proudest moment of his life”.toms escape from societys trammels has been only temporary, designed as the means of purchasing societys applause. tom appears cruel to kind-hearted aunt polly unless we understand his psyche. tom, likechildren in general,“always hopes to be thought highly of. this expectation expresses in various forms: the sense of self-esteem ,vanity, being conceited and demanding perfection.”toms impelling desire for a place of honor in the community is a key to his initiating action. （能将事例型论据的引文（词语）自然地融入论述之中。）just as gallant knights in fantasies rescue beautiful ladies in distress and therefore win their love, tom commits the similar heroic conduct to win beckys love. becky steals a glance at the schoolmasters anatomy book and tears one page off. when becky is about to take the punishment, tom springs to his feet and chivalrously bears the blame for her. inspired by the splendor of his own act, he takes without any outcry the most merciless flaying that even mr. dobbins (the schoolmaster) has ever administered, and also receives with indifference the added cruelty of a command to remain two hours after school should be dismissed. his bravery brings him the surprise, the gratitude, the adoration that shone upon him out of poor beckys eyes, and with her later words lingering in his ear: tom, how could you be so noble! at the end of the story, after experiencing much terror, tom, along with huck, discovers the hidden treasure in the cave which makes tom a rich and important person in t