WTO政策与法规课程结业论文.doc

wto政策与法规课程结业论文题 目：the differences between gatt and wto院系名称： 外语学院 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师： 教师职称： contents目录1. the introduction of gatt.1 1.1 the background of gatt.,.1 1.2the definition of gatt.2 1.3 the functions of gatt.2 1.4 the organization of gatt.32. the introduction of wto.42.1 the background of wto.52.2 the definition of wto.62.3the functions of wto.62.4the organization of wto.73. conclusion.84. biography.91. the introduction of gattthe general agreement on tariffs and trade referred to gatt.it is a temporary international mechanism ,not a truly international organization.the original 23 gatt countries were among over 50 which agreed a draft charter for an international trade organization (ito) - a new specialized agency of the united nations. in the reduction of tariffs and the formulation of trade rules,gatt has made a lot of contributions promote the liberalization of trade in goods and the growth of international trade.1.1 the background of gattafter world war 2,there is international club called “bretton wood”,some international famous people in economic circle has begun to join it.then this club gradually evolved into the famous world bank and the international monetary fund,called ito. although the ito charter was finally agreed at a un conference on trade and employment in havana in march 1948 ratification in national legislatures proved impossible in some cases. when the united states government announced, in 1950, that it would not seek congressional ratification of the havana charter, the ito was effectively dead. despite its provisional nature, the gatt remained the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948 until the establishment of the wto.1.2 the definition of gatt according to the university of international business and economics published the world trade organization(wto)gatt called general agreements on tariff and trade.started from january1,1948,the world trade organization officially running at january1,1945.a total of 8 rounds negotiation durning this time.1.3 the functions of gatt international trade organization (ito). the us initiated negotiations with 22 other countries that led to commitments to regulate 45,000 tariff rates.technically, gatt was viewed as an agreement under the provisions of us reciprocal trade act of 1934, and hence did not require approval of congress. it was considered a provisional agreement that would be replaced once the ito became operational to take over its functions.so gatt began its provisional existence on january 1, 1948, when 23 contracting parties signed the agreement. however, us congress refused in 1950 to ratify the treaty establishing the ito.the general agreement for the member states provided tariff concession possobilities and guidelines. gatt provides the place of negotiations for countries. since its inception gatt made eight rounds of multilateral trade negotiations and tariff rates have fallen significantly. the average tariff of developed countries has risen from 36% in 1948 to 3.8% in the mid 90 s, fell to 12.7% in developing countries and regions. this is unprecedented in the history. it plays an important role in promoting the development of international trade and creating conditions for the realization of the trade liberalization. 1.4 the organization of gatt the provisions in the general agreement on tariffs and trade, dated 30 october 1947, annexed to the final act adopted at the conclusion of the second session of the preparatory committee of the united nations conference on trade and employment (excluding the protocol of provisional application), as rectified, amended or modified by the terms of legal instruments which have entered into force before the date of entry into force of the wto agreement.the provisions of the legal instruments set forth below that have entered into force under the gatt 1947 before the date of entry into force of the wto agreement:protocols and certifications relating to tariff concessions;protocols of accession (excluding the provisions concerning provisional application and withdrawal of provisional application and providing that part ii of gatt 1947 shall be applied provisionally to the fullest extent not inconsistent with legislation existing on the date of the protocol);decisions on waivers granted under article xxv of gatt 1947 and still in force on the date of entry into force of the wto agreement;other decisions of the contracting parties to gatt 1947;the provisions of part ii of gatt 1994 shall not apply to measures taken by a member under specific mandatory legislation, enacted by that member before it became a contracting party to gatt 1947, that prohibits the use, sale or lease of foreign-built or foreign-reconstructed vessels in commercial applications between points in national waters or the waters of an exclusive economic zone. this exemption applies to: the continuation or prompt renewal of a non-conforming provision of such legislation; and the amendment to a non-conforming provision of such legislation to the extent that the amendment does not decrease the conformity of the provision with part ii of gatt 1947. this exemption is limited to measures taken under legislation described above that is notified and specified prior to the date of entry into force of the wto agreement. if such legislation is subsequently modified to decrease its conformity with part ii of gatt 1994, it will no longer qualify for coverage under this paragraph.in the general agreement on grey area, caused many rules is difficult to implement well. grey area refers to the contracting party to circumvent some provisions of the gatt, taken by the outside edge of the gatt legal rules and regulations or discriminatory trade policy measures. the existence of the gray area, damage the authority of gattthe general agreement on the terms of the discrimination against the different social economic system with color. for example, to a centrally planned economy country in the way of the set up a more general agreement on tariffs and trade.2the introduction of wto：the world trade organization (wto) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. at its heart are the wto agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. the goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.location: geneva,switzerlandestablished:1january1995.created by:uruguay round negotiations (1986-94).membership:159 countries on2march2013.budget:197million swiss francs for2013.secretariat staff:640.head:roberto azevdo (director-general)2.1 the background of wtofounded in april 1994, officially started operation on january 1, 1995, is responsible for managing the world economy and trade order, headquarters in geneva lake lemone. the wto is a permanent international organization independent of the united nations, has the legal person status, members in mediation has higher authority dispute. with the international monetary fund the world bank is known as the world together three pillars of economic development. on november 15, 1999, china and the united states signed a bilateral agreement about chinas entry into the world trade organization. on november 10, 2001, china joined the world trade organization wto) has been approved. on december 11, 2001, china officially became the 143th member.2.2 the definition of wto the world trade organization (wto) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. at its heart are the wto agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. the goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.2.3 the functions of wto world trade organization on january 1, 1995 put into operation. headquarters in geneva. january 1, 1996, which replaced the gatt, the provisional institutions. its predecessor, the gatt was established in 1947. compared with the gatt, the wto covers trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property trade, gatt, applies only to merchandise trade in goods. currently, the wtos trade volume accounted for more than 95% of world trade. is the current director-general pascal lamy, former eu trade commissioner (french), september 2005 positions. world trade organization (wto) headquarters (geneva)its purpose is: to promote economic and trade development, to improve the standard of living, ensuring full employment, protect the real income and effective demand; the goal of sustainable development based on rational use of world resources to expand production of goods and services; to reach mutually beneficial agreements to substantially reduce and eliminate tariffs and other barriers to trade and the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade. as the end of december 1999, 135 by the members of the organization, is the current director-general pascal lamy, former eu trade commissioner. wto world trade organization as an official of the law of the united nations and other international organizations on an equal footing. his responsibilities cover the organization and implementation of the original gatt multilateral trade agreements and multilateral trade negotiations and provide a forum, responsible for periodic review of trade policies of its members and unified treatment of the trade disputes between members, and is responsible for cooperation with the international monetary fund and world bank in order to achieve consistency in global economic decision-making. wto agreements ranging from agriculture to textiles and clothing, from services to government procurement, from the rules of origin to the intellectual property of the content. wtos highest decision-making authority is the ministerial conference, to convene a meeting at least every two years. under the general council and the secretariat, is responsible for the daily meeting of the wto and work. general council with goods, trade in non-goods trade (trade in services), intellectual property and trade and the development of the three council, the budget two committees. the general council also check under the trade policy institutions, he oversaw the various committees responsible for drafting the national policy review. the united states, european union, japan, canada, to draft a policy review every two years on the 16 most developed countries, once every 4 years, once every 6 years in developing countries. the court of appeal differences occur between members of the arbitration. compared to its predecessor the gatt, wto covers trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property trade, gatt, applies only to merchandise trade in goods. wto is an international trade organization whose purpose is to set up fair and just treatment in the national trade disputes occur, the establishment of equality and mutual benefit the health of the international trade order. however, the use of u.s. exports to the eu beef hormone in this case, we find that although the wto continue to improve their regulatory bill, but there are still many countries and economies, for a variety of different reasons, looking for excuses, non-compliance with the terms of trade. while some authoritative certification bodies and other methods through experiments to prove that trade goods in full compliance with requirements, but the parties will continue to trade through other factors, to control the trade.2.4. the organization of wto first meeting held in singapore in december 1996, the second meeting in geneva, switzerland, in 1998, the third session held in seattle in november 1999, the fourth meeting held in doha, qatar in november 2001, the fifth meeting in september 2003 was held in cancun, mexico, sixth meeting in december 2005 held in hong kong, china. ministerial meeting of the main functions are: appointed director-general of the wto and formulate relevant rules. exemption from a member of the wto agreement and the other commitment to multilateral trade agreements; review its members of the wto agreement or the multilateral trade agreement proposed to modify the motion; decide whether to accept apply to join the world trade organization (wto) countries or regions for wto members; decided to the wto agreement and the multilateral trade agreement effective date etc. under the general council and the secretariat, responsible for the wto daily meetings and work. secretariat and director-general: appointed by the ministerial conference, director-general of the leadership of the secretariat of the world trade organization (hereinafter referred to as the secretariat), based in geneva, switzerland, about 500 people. the secretariat staff appointed by the director-general, and according to the council of ministers through rules determine their responsibilities and service conditi