研究生英语课文翻译

E-weekly 1 Unit 3 Is internet Addiction Real (真的是网络上瘾吗？真的是网络上瘾吗？) Addiction is the state of a person being unable to free himself from a harmful habit, especially the taking of drugs. Can we say some people are addicted to the internet? This article gives us an answer. 上瘾是指一个人不能摆脱他的坏习惯的一种状态，特别是吸毒。我们能说 有些人对网络上瘾吗？这篇文章提供了一种答案。 Have a friend that stays up into the wee hours of the night chatting online? Lost your childs future college tuition by day trading on the internet? Spent most of your time selling your household “treasures” on eBay? is electronic pornography eating away at your computers available hard drive space? You may have symptoms of internet addiction. 你有朋友网上聊天一直熬到凌晨吗？你由于网上交易而损失了孩子的大学 学费了吗？花费大部分时间在易趣上卖自己家里的宝贝？电子色情蚕食你计算 机的可用的硬盘空间吗?你或许有上网成瘾的症状。 Yes, thats right, I said internet addiction. The idea is creeping into popular culture, too. Parents are warned about how long they should let their children stay online, and college students are lectured on appropriate Net use. Your employer may be monitoring your emails, or keeping tabs on how long you are spending surfing the internet. Addiction clinics around the world are fielding calls daily regarding excessive internet use. Whether you believe in the idea of Internet addiction or not, the phenomenon is gaining acceptance as as a bona fide psychological disorder. 是的，这就是我说的网络上瘾，这种观点也正蔓延到公众文化中。父母们 被建议他们应该让孩子上网多长时间，大学生们被告诫要适当地使用网络，你 的老板也许正在监控你的电子邮件，或者监视你上网的时间，遍及世界的上瘾 门诊部正巧妙地回答那些每天都有的、要求关注过度使用网络的呼吁。无论你 是否相信网络上瘾的观点，这种现象作为真正的心理混乱正在获得认可。 At first, I was also skeptical of claims that people are addicted to the internet. After 3 years of studying how people behave online, I still couldnt see how people could actually be addicted to the Net. Sure, pelple can be “addicted” to chocolate or shopping, but is this really addiction? Is it worthy of a differential diagnosis? My immediate conclusion was that this was just another case of psychobabble, a pop psychology topic of the week. 最初，我还是怀疑那些所谓人们对网络上瘾的说法。对人们的在线行为研 究了三年之后，我仍然没有弄清楚，人们实际上是怎样对网络上瘾的。确实， 人们可能会对巧克力或者逛街上瘾，但那是真的上瘾吗？它值得去鉴别诊断吗？ 我的直接结论就是，它只不过是这周流行的心理话题“心理呓语”的另一 种状况。 After investigating the phenomenon thoroughly, there was one nagging fact that kept popping up. Some people are simple using the internet too much. It has been report in numerous peer-reviewed journal article, and as an internet behavior researcher, I have actually seen it. How can we explain these people who seem to spend so much time on the web, often to the point that it interferes with normal functioning? The answer lies in the fundamental nature of the internet. First, however, I must settle a semantic disagreement. People are not addicted to the internet in the same way that they can be addicted to alcohol or cocaine. However, they do exhibit pathological behaviors, much as a compulsive gambler does. Therefore, a more appropriate term is pathological internet use, which describes the individual who use the internet in such a way that there are pathological internet in such a way that there are pathological and behavioral implications. However, if that is much of a mouthful for you to remember, lets stick with internet addiction for the sake of simplicity. 在彻底地调查了这种现象之后，有一种令人不安的事实突然浮现出来，那 就是有些人简直过多使用网络。这种情况在许多学术期刊文章中被提到过，作 为一个网络行为研究者，我也确实看到了这种现象。我们怎样解释这些似乎在 网络上花了很多时间的人，通常达到了扰乱正常机能的程度？对这个问题的回 答依赖于网络的基本特征。但我要先解决一个语义上的争论，即：人们对网络 上瘾的方式和对酒精、可卡因上瘾是不一样的。然而，他们确实表现出病态的 行为，更像一个嗜赌成癖的赌徒所做的那样。因此，一个更合适的术语是“病 态的网络使用” ，它描述了个人使用网络的这样一种方式，其中有心理的和行为 的暗示。但如果这个内容太多，让你难以一下子记住，为了简便目的，就让我 们保持“网络上瘾”这个叫法吧。 So, now that we have that settled, what is so “addictive” about the Net? Well, lets begin with why we use Internet in the first place. First and foremost, the Internet is a tool for communication. We communicate ideas and information for the most part. As a communication and information medium, we use the Internet at work, school, E-weekly 3 home, and office. We find information for a class project, do a marketing research report at work, e-mail dirty jokes to each other and instant message to our co-workers warning them the boss is just about to arrive. The reason that the Internet has become so popular is that it is extremely efficient as a communication tool. It allows us to be anonymous when we want, or to stand on a virtual soapbox and let the word know just what we think of it. However, more than a mere communication tool, the Internet is also a tool for entertainment. It is, simply, fun. We can play games, role play (i.e. pretend to be anyone we want ), meet to other people, listen to music, poke fun at political leaders, and watch dancing babies to our hearts content. Sure, there are annoying banner ads all over the web, and people send you strange e-mails once in a while, but for the most part spending time online is an enjoyable experience. 那么，既然我们有了定义，到底是什么让人对网络那么上瘾呢？好的，让 我们先从为什么使用网络开始。首先，网络是一个交流工具，我们主要是交流 思想和信息。作为一种交流媒介和信息媒介，我们在工作场所、学校、家里和 办公室都要使用网络。我们为了某个学术项目查找信息，工作中做一个市场调 查报告，发黄色笑话的邮件给其他人，在老板正好进来时立即发信息警告同事。 网络变得如此流行的原因是，它作为一个交流工具极其高效。它让我们想匿名 就匿名，还可以进行一场虚拟的高谈阔论并让世界都知道我们怎么看待它。但 网络不仅仅是一个交流工具，还是一个娱乐工具，简单地说，它很有趣。我们 可以打游戏，玩角色扮演（也就是假装成任何我们想像的人） ，会见其他人，听 音乐，取笑政治领导人，尽情欣赏舞蹈宝贝。当然，网上到处都是烦人的条幅 广告，不时还有人给你发一些奇怪的电子邮件，但在线的大部分时间还是一种 令人愉快的体验。 当我们把交流和娱乐混为一体时，我们就被置于一种媒体中，它正难以置 信地吸引人们的兴趣。显而易见的，在网络上我们可以很开心地与他人交流， 总能找到一种方法来（比喻地）突然打击我们集体的智力。在有些情况下，人 们会走向极端，迷失在网络世界里，这对他们离线后的真实世界造成了伤害， 长此以往就会导致日常生活机能的问题。 When we mix communication with entertainment, we are left with a medium that is incredibly interesting. There is so much out there on the Internet that allows us to have fun communicating with others, that we can always find a way to (metaphorically) stroke our collective intellects. In some case, people will take this to the extreme, and lose themselves into their Internet word, to the detriment of their “real” word offline, which invariably results in problems with daily life functioning. 当我们上网把交流和娱乐混合在一起时，我们会发现这样的一种媒介是难 以置信的有趣。互联网上有这么多让我们和别人交流玩的开心的东西，我们总 可以找到一种激发集体知识分子的方式。在某些方面，人们把这看的太过极端， 在网络世界里迷失了自我，在现实世界中伤害自己活别人，这在我们日常生活 中一定会导致问题。 What are the symptoms of Internet addiction? They include: academic/work or interpersonal problems, neglecting friends, family, and job or personal responsibilities, withdrawal when away from the internet, irritability when attempting to stop using the Internet, staying online more than originally intended, lying or concealing how much time you spend online, drastic lifestyle changes in order to spend more time online, a general decrease in physical activity, disregard for ones health as a result of internet activity, and sleep deprivation or a change in sleep patterns in order to spend time on the net. 网络上瘾的症状是什么？它们包括：学术、工作或人际关系出现问题，忽 视朋友、家庭、工作或个人职责，远离网络又回来，试图不上网时焦躁不安， 在线时间远远超出原计划，撒谎或隐瞒上网所花的时间，为了花更多时间上网 造成生活方式显著改变，体力活动普遍减少，因上网导致忽视个人健康，为了 有时间上网而缺乏睡眠或是改变睡眠习惯。 People with internet addiction not only behave differently, they also think differently. They have obsessive thoughts about the Internet, diminished impulse control, and feel as though the Internet is their only friend. There is the feeling that the Internet is the only place where they feel good about themselves and the world around them. Other symptoms include thinking about the Internet while offline, anticipating future time online, and spending large of amounts of money on Internet time and other such expenses. The person spends less time doing otherwise pleasurable activities than before the condition began. What used to be fun is no longer enjoyable. A further complication arises when the person eventually isolates himself or herself from friends, in favor of friends online. Finally, people with Internet addiction have a sense of guilt about their online use. They often lie to their friends about how much time they spend online, and consider their Internet use a secret to others. While they understand that what they are doing is not entirely socially acceptable, they cannot stop. This results in a diminished self worth and further symptoms of Internet addiction. So, there you have it. Quite a laundry list of symptoms, huh? It might seem E-weekly 5 hard to believe, but people do actually have this condition. There are people out there who are otherwise completely normal, just like you and me (well, maybe just you), who fit into this pattern of thoughts and behaviors perfectly. What can they do about it? Although they will likely be somewhat reluctant, the best thing they can do is get professional help. Tell them to talk to their doctor or seek out a psychologist who will help them address their Internet addiction and identify a strategy to conquer it. 上网成瘾的人不仅行为怪异，而且想法也很异常。他们对网络有着痴迷的 想法，对自己的冲动控制减弱，而且还觉得网络仿佛是他们唯一的朋友。他们 有一种感觉，网络是唯一使他们对自己感到满意和对他们周围的世界感到满意 的地方。其他症状还包括：离线时仍然想着网络，期盼着下次的上网，花费大 量金钱在网络上和其他类似的费用上。他们在其他娱乐活动上花费的时间比上 述状况出现前要少的多，曾经有趣的事情现在再也不能给他们愉悦感了。当他 （她）最终将不再和朋友们交往，而是和网上的朋友交往的时候，就会出现进 一步的并发症。最后，有网瘾的人会对他们上网有一种内疚感，他们经常欺骗 他们的朋友关于他们在网上花费的时间 ，也把他们上网看作是对其他人的一种 秘密。虽然他们知道自己的所作所为并不被社会完全认可，但他们无法停止， 这导致了他们自我价值的降低和上网成瘾的进一步症状。那么，你有这些症状 吗？是不是有一大张要改掉的网瘾清单，嗯？这个似乎让人难以置信，但人们 确实存在这种情况。有些在其他方面显而易见是完全正常的人，就像你和我 （喔，也许只是你） ，他们完全符合这种思想和行为方式。对此他们该怎么办？ 尽管他们很可能有些不愿意，但最好还是寻求一下专业帮助，让他们跟医生谈 一谈，或是找一个心理医生，他要能让他们说出自己的网瘾症状，并帮他们制 定一个战胜网瘾的策略。 Unit 4 Is One Successful by Chance or by Fate 成功是偶然还是命运成功是偶然还是命运 In the scientific world of controlled experiments, chance is seldom acknowledged as a contributing factor in important discoveries. There are, however, rare exceptions. In 1945 three men shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. How rare was this serendipitous event and was the discovery of penicillin really the result of an unexpected chance observation by a single researcher? 在由可控实验构成的科学领域，机遇很少被看成是重大发现中起作用的因 素。然而，有一些罕见的例外。1945 年，有三个人因为发现并提取青霉素而分 享了当年的诺贝尔生物或医学奖。这一偶然发现的事情到底有多罕见？青霉素 的发现真的是单个研究人员一次意外的偶然观察的结果吗？ The scientific method is typically noted for its orderliness and control; In fact, we are taught that without these characteristics, experimental research may yield invalid results. Therefore, chance should play little or no role in the process of the scientific method. But what is chance? When is chance truly an accident and when is ti foreseeable? Historically, some chance discoveries have led to startling new ideas that eventually directed important further scientific investigation of natural phenomena. 科学方法以其规律性和可操作性著称。事实上，我们受到的教育是：没有 这些特性，实验研究可能产生无效的结果，因此，在科学方法的发展过程中机 遇所发挥的作用应该很小或是没有的。但什么是机遇呢？什么时候机遇真是一 次偶然，什么时候它又可以预见呢？历史上，一些偶然的发现导致了令人吃惊 的新思想，并最终为对自然现象的重要的、进一步的科学研究指明了方向。 If the role of science is to examine the world around us in a way which uncovers new and sometimes unexpected information, then science itself is intrinsically surprising. Even a deliberate scientific search for information may lead to an unexpected chance observation or discovery must fit into a pre-existing pattern of ideas in the observers mind. Just as a word means little out of context, a new observation or discovery needs a proper context in which to fit in order to be most meaningful. In other words, the mind must be prepared to receive the germ of a new idea. What is “chance” for the unprepared mind may be a fascinating springboard to new ideas for the prepared mind. 如果科学的作用是以这样一种揭示新信息和有时不可预测信息的方式去观 察分析我们周围的世界，那么科学本身从根本上来说就是令人惊奇的。甚至一 次有计划的科学研究中的信息搜寻也可能会导致一个预料不到的偶然观察结果 或发现。但是，为了让它有意义，每个观察结果和发现都必须与观察者头脑中 的思维模式相吻合。正如一个单词脱离了上下文就毫无意义一样，一个新的观 察或发现也需要一个与之相吻合的适当的环境，以使它更有意义。换句话说， 一个人必须在思想上做好准备去迎接一个新思想的萌芽。这样一个对没有在思 想上做好准备的人的“偶然性” ，对一个已经在思想上做好备的人来说，它也许 就是一个令人心醉的（吸引人的、通向新思想的）跳板。 Louis Pasteur wrote, “In the field of observation, chance favors only the E-weekly 7 prepared mind.” Discovery, like learning, is a phenomenon that takes place in the human brain. The brain configures an event as a new pattern based on previous assumptions that were present at the onset of the event. Lewis Thomas, renowned science author and former president of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center stated, “Im not as fond of the notion of serendipity as I used to be. It seems to me now that as you get research going things are bound to begin happening if youve got your wits about you. You create the lucky accidents.” Many scientists agree with that position. Louis Pasteur（巴斯德）写道， “在科学观察领域里，机遇只垂青那些思想 上有准备的人。 ”发现就像学习一样，是一种发生在人类大脑中的现象。人脑使 某件事成形为基于先前假定的一种新模式，这一假定在事件开始时就已经存在 了。Lewis Thomas(著名科学作家和 Slaon-kettering 癌症中心前负责人)说：“我 不像以前那样轻信好运的观点了，现在在我看来：你开展研究时如果你能随 机应变，有些事是肯定会发生的（肯定会发生各种情况，只有你用心去做） 。是 你自己创造了那些幸运的偶然事件。 ”许多科学家赞成这种观点。 Lets return to a discussion of the discovery and isolation of penicillina process which involved a series of chance events spanning at least half a century and building on knowledge gained as early as 1,5000 BC. It was at this time that written records described the use of molds and fermented materials as therapeutic agents. Similarly, the use of chemicals as medicines is described in ancient Greek writing of fifth century BC. These early treatmentswhich probably either cured or killed the patientswere carried out without a firm understanding of either the active agents or the cellular processes involved. It was not until the late nineteenth century that progress was made on this front and a concerted effort was made to identify and isolate substances that would inhibit or destroy the causative agents of known human disease. And still, ” chance” played a role. 让我们回到对青霉素发现和分离的讨论上来，这一过程包含了一系列偶然 事件，它们至少跨越了半个世纪，并且是建立在早在公元前 1500 年就已获得的 知识的基础上的。正是在那时，文献记载描述了真菌和发酵材料作为治疗媒介 的运用。类似的，化学制品作为药物的应用在公元前 5 世纪的古希腊文学作品 中有所描述。在没有对那些起作用的媒介或涉及的细胞进程很好地理解的情况 下，就使用了这些早期的治疗措施，它们也许治好了病人，也可能杀死了病人。 直到 19 世纪后期，在这个战线前沿才取得了进步，作出了共同努力以识别和分 离一些物质，这些物质会抑制或摧毁已知的人类疾病的致病媒介。还有，在这 个过程中， “偶然”发挥了作用。 In the late 1800s bacteriologists and microbiologists set out to identify substances with therapeutic potential. One of the greatest problems faced by these scientists during their studies was the contamination of “pure” cultures by invading microorganisms, especially fungi or bacteria-a problem which still plagues the modern day microbiologist. It is this problem of contamination which is most often identified as leading to the “chance” observation that eventually led to the discovery of penicillin. 十九世纪后期，细菌学家和微生物学家开始致力于鉴别有疗效的物质。在 研究期间，这些科学家们面临的最主要问题之一，就是 “纯净”的培养菌被侵 入的微生物污染，特别是真菌或细菌-这个问题仍在困扰着当代微生物学家。 正是这样一个个经常被鉴别出的污染问题导致了“偶然”观察，并最终导致了 青霉素的发现。 These studies of contaminated cultures led to a series of observations by late 19th century bacteriologist and microbiologists describing the effect of mold on bacterial growth. These observations were as follows: 十九世纪后期，细菌学家和微生物学家对受污染的培养菌的研究，而导致 了一系列的发现。这些发现描述了在细菌生长过程中影响作用。这些发现如下： In 1874, William Roberts (1830-1899) observed that cultures of the mold Penicillin glaucoma did not exhibit bacterial contamination. 在 1874 年，William Roberts（1830-1899）发现浅灰色的青霉素培育菌不显 示细菌污染。 French scientists Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Jules Francois Joubert (1834- 1910) observed that growth of the anthrax bacilli was inhibited when the cultures became contaminated with mold. 法国科学家 Louis Pasteur（1822-1895）和 Jules Francois Joubert（1834- 1910）发现当培育菌被真菌污染时，炭疽菌的生长将受到抑制。 The English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) noted in 1871 that samples of urine contaminated with mold did not allow the growth of bacteria. Lister unsuccessfully attempted to indentify the agent in the mold which inhabited bacteria growth. He later abandoned this research for the more successful work of introducing antiseptic procedures and sterile instruments into the operating theater. E-weekly 9 1871 年，英国外科医生 Joseph Lister(18271912)注意到：被霉菌污染的 尿液样本扼制了细菌的生长。Lister 在尝试分离抑制细菌成长的霉菌中的媒介物 时没能成功，随后他放弃了这项研究，转向把杀菌程序和消毒机械引入手术室， 并获得了更大的成功。 Thus the stage was set for the chance discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. In most science textbooks, from middle school to college level, Fleming, alone, is credited with the discovery of penicillin. Yet, Flemings discovery would have been nothing more than a fluke had the base of knowledge provided, at least in part, by the chance observations of Roberts, Pasteur, Lister, Joubert and others, not existed. Without a doubt, Fleming was searching for antibacterial agents. In 1928, he was researching the properties of the group of bacteria known as staphylococcin and became another in the long line of scientists to benefit from a seemingly chance observation. His problem during this research was the frequent contamination of culture plates with airborne molds. One day he observed a contaminated culture plate and noted that the Staphylococci bacteria had burst in the area immediately surrounding an invading mold growth. He realized that the something in the mold was inhibiting growth of the surrounding bacteria. Subsequently Fleming isolated an extract from the mold and he named it penicillin. Despite this success, further attempts by Fleming to produce a concentrated extract of penicillin failed and he was unable to prove its therapeutic value. 从而，青霉素的“偶然”发现就被 Alexander Fleming 于 1928 年获得。从 高中到大学，在绝大多数教科书中，Fleming 都被认为是青霉素的唯一发现者。 然而，Fleming 的发现只不过是一个侥幸的成功，这个成功是建立在，至少是部 分建立在 Roberts, Pasteur, Lister, Joubert 及其他故人的偶然观察所提供的知识的 基础之上的。毫无疑问，Fleming 当时正在研究抑制细菌的物质。1928 年，他 正在研究已知的、被称为葡萄球菌素的菌群属性，就在那时，他成了又一个受 益于似乎是偶然的发现的人，一长串同类科学家之一。在进行研究时，他所碰 到的问题是培养盘频繁地被空气传播的真菌所污染。有一天，他看到一个污染 了的培养盘，并注意到在一个直接围绕着一个入侵真菌的区域里，葡萄球菌像 是向外爆炸一样的生长。他意识到在这个霉菌中存在着某些东西，正在抑制周 围细菌的生长。随后，Fleming 从这个霉菌中分离出一种提炼物，并命名为“青 霉素” 。尽管有这个成功，但 Fleming 在进一步尝试提练青霉素的浓缩提纯物时 却失败了，并且，他没有证实它的医疗价值。 It wasnt until ten years later, in 1939, that Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Edward Abraham of Oxford University were able to purity and stabilize a form of penicillin that enabled demonstration of its therapeutic potential. Again, chance favored their work. Unknown to them, the species of animal that they chose for laboratory studies turned out to be one of few species that do not find penicillin toxic. Had they chosen to work with a species other than the one they chose, they might have deemed penicillin too toxic for use, and humankind would have been deprived of the phenomenal life-saving ability of this drug. 直到 10 来年后，在 1939 年，牛津大学的 Ernst Chain、Howard Florey 和 Edward Abraham 才提炼出了精纯和稳定的青霉