2011年广东省初中毕业生学业考试化学试题.doc

to american. later in the 18th century some british people were taken to australia too. english began to be spoken in both countries. finally by the 19th century the language was settled. at that time two big changes in english spelling happened: first samuel johnson wrote his dictionary and later noah webster wrote the american dictionary of the english language. the latter gave a separate identity to american english spelling.english now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in south asia. for example, india has a very large number of fluent english speakers because britain ruled india from 1765 to 1947. during that time english became the language for government and education. english is also spoken in singapore and malaysia and countries in africa such as south africa. today the number of people learning english in china is increasing rapidly. in fact, china may have the largest number of english learners. will chinese english develop its own identity? only time will tell.standard english and dialectswhat is standard english? is it spoken in britain, the us, canada, australia, india and new zealand? believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard english. many people believe the english spoken on tv and the radio is standard english. this is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent english. however, on tv and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. when people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. american english has many dialects, especially the midwestern, southern, african american and spanish dialects. even in some parts of the usa, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. american english has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world. geography also plays a part in making dialects. some people who live in the mountains of the eastern usa speak with an older kind of english dialect. when americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. so people from the mountains in the southeastern usa speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern usa. the usa is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. although many americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.the oxford english dictionaryyou may think that english dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. the spelling of english has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. but it made reading english much more difficult. so dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. in fact, an english dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late qing dynasty. there men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: samuel johnson, noah webster, and james murray. these men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. for them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. the largest dictionary in the world is the oxford english dictionary, or oed for short. the idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in britain in 1857. twenty-two years later, oxford university asked james murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. murray had never been to college. at the age of fourteen, he left his village school in scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. later he became a great teacher. after oxford gave him the job, murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. part of it was one meter underground. in winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. every morning, murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. often he would work by the candle light into the evening. murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. but after five years, he was still adding words for the letter a! then others went to work with murray, including his two daughters. he worked on the dictionary until he was very old. forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. it included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. and you thought your dictionary was big!unit 3journey down the mekongpart 1 the dream and the planmy name is wang kun. ever since middle school, my sister wang wei and i have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. last year, she visited our cousins, dao wei and yu hang at their college in kunming. they are dai and grew up in western yunnan province near the lancang river, the chinese part of the river that is called the mekong river in other countries. wang wei soon got them interested in cycling too. after graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. i asked my sister, where are we going? it was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire mekong river from where it begins to where it ends. now she is planning our schedule for the trip. i am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. she can be really stubborn. although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. now, i know that the proper way is always her way. i kept asking her, when are we leaving and when are we coming back? i asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. so i told her that the source of the mekong is in qinghai province. she gave me a determined ast firemen have put out a big forest fire in california. since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. forest fire are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass. they were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. this morning, however, a fireman accidentally discovered the cause. he noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. in this way, he was able to solve the mystery. the explanation was simple but very unusual. a bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. the snake then wound itself round the wires. when it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.lesson54 sticky fingers 粘糊的手指after breakfast, i sent the children to school and then i went to market. it was still early when i returned home. the children were at school, my husband was at2011年广东省初中毕业生学业考试化学试题可能用到的相对原子质量：h-1 c-12 n-14 o-16 mg-24 al-27 p-31 s-32 cl-35.5 ca-40一、选择题（本大题包括14小题，每小题2分，共28分。在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一个是正确的。）1、下列食品富含蛋白质的是a、番茄 b、大米 c、花生油 d、鸡蛋2、下面属于“物品回收标志”的是3、下列物品中用有机合成材料制成的是a、红木家具 b、塑料饭盒 c、玻璃茶杯 d、铁制水管4、以下属于化学变化的是a、轮胎爆炸 b、试管破碎 c、蜡烛燃烧 d、海水晒盐5、用右图装置测定空气中氧气的含量，物质r应该选用a、铁片 b、硫粉 c、木炭 d、红磷6、某种电池的正极材料由锂（li）、钴（co）和氧元素组成，三种元素的化合价分别是+1、+3、2，则该物质的化学式为 a、licoo b、licoo2 c、licoo3 d、licoo47、荔枝快成熟的时候特别需要磷肥和氮肥，下列符合条件的一种化肥是a、nh4no3 b、kcl c、nh4h2po3 d、kno38、下列反应属于置换反应的是a、s+o2so2 b、2h2o2h2+o2c、c+2cuoco2+2cu d、al(oh)3+3hcl=alcl3+3h2o9、下列实验操作正确的是10、下列做法合理的是a、电视机着火用水扑灭 b、随意丢弃废旧电池 c、草木灰与铵态氮肥混合施用 d、用活性炭除去冰箱的异味11、下表中知识的归纳错误的一组是a环保来源:焚烧法处理废弃塑料生活污水直接排放b燃料开发“可燃冰”作为未来燃料在农村大力推广沼气燃料c用语2h表示两个氢原子2h2表示两个氢分子d化工化工生产要减少污染或实现零排放减少煤直接做燃料，尽量综合利用12、下列数轴表示正确的是13、下列有关食品安全的叙述不正确的是a、杜绝用工业石膏或医疗废弃石膏制作豆腐 b、禁止在奶粉中添加化工原料三聚氰胺 c、不允许把含黄曲霉素的“地沟油”用作食用油 d、在饲料中添加“瘦肉精”以增加猪肉的瘦肉含量14、下列曲线正确的是二、填空题（本大题包括5小题，共20分。）15、请用下列物质的序号填空。一氧化碳 生石灰 明矾 肥皂水（1）吸烟有害健康，烟气中含有的有害气体是 。（2）为了防止食品受潮，常用 作干燥剂。（3）可用于区别软、硬水的是 ；能把混浊的河水变澄清的是 。16、右图为某反应的微观示意图，请回答：（1）反应后的物质是 （填“纯净物”、“混合物”）。（2）该反应的化学方程式为 。17、请回答下列有关“走进低碳”的问题：（1）以下属于“不可回收垃圾”的是 （填序号）：废作业本 矿泉水瓶 霉变面包 破旧铁桶（2）下列符号“低碳”理念的最清洁燃料是 ：煤 汽油 天然气 氢气（3）某“组合转化”技术是将co2和h2在催化剂和加热条件下转化为化工原料乙烯（c2h4），请把该反应的化学方程式补充完整：2 co2+ 6 c2h4 + 。18、不同年龄段的群体每天钙的适宜摄入量不同，哺乳期妇女每日推荐摄入量为1200mg、有右图为某保健品说明书的一部分，请回答：（1）该药片主要为人体补充 元素和 。（2）维生素d3的化学式为c27h44o，则维生素d3分子中c、h、o的原子个数比是 。（3）每片药片含钙 mg。（4）假设某哺乳期妇女每天除食物摄入外，还需另外补充600mg的钙，则每天需服“钙尔奇” 片。19、请完成下面填空：（1）性质决定用途。以下连线正确的是 （填字母）性质 用途金属的导电性 a b 铜可用作电极材料金属的延展性 铁锅、铝锅是常用的烹饪用具金属的导热性 c 28g纯金可拉成65km长金线（2）用fe粉制成的食品保鲜剂使用一段时间后，会逐渐变为 色的氧化铁。（3）铁制品易发生锈蚀，请写出一种防止铁生锈的方法 。（4）用氯化物 （填化学式）溶液可以一次性验证fe、cu、ag三种金属的活动性顺序。三、（本大题包括2小题，共15分）20、右下图化学反应的溶液颜色变化体现了“魔法世界，魅力化学”，请回答：来源:学,科,网（1）溶液x是 （填“酸”、“碱”、“盐”），试剂a的名称是 。（2）若x是稀硫酸，b是氧化物，则b的化学式为 。（3）若x是稀盐酸，c是单质，则c的名称是 。（4）若x是稀硫酸，d是碱，则x与d反应的化学方程式为 。21、下表是naoh和ca(oh)2的溶解度数据，请回答下列问题。温度()020406080100溶解度（g）naoh31来源:z,xx,k.com91来源:111来源:129313336ca(oh)40.120.090.08(1)从表中数据可以获得的信息是 （写一条）（2）把80时naoh的饱和溶液降温至20，可以看到的现象是 ；现有20时ca(oh)2的饱和溶液（甲溶液），向其中加入一定量cao后得到的溶液（乙溶液），此时溶液的溶质质量分数乙 甲（填、）。（3）某兴趣小组对部分变质的氢氧化钠固体进行提纯，设计了如下操作流程：请回答：（）步骤反应的化学方程式为 ；加入过量ca(oh)2的目的是 。（）滤液b中的溶质是 、 （写化学式）；步骤所包含的具体操作是加热浓缩、 、过滤。四、（本大题包括2小题，共23分）22、下面是实验室制取和收集气体的装置，请按要求作答：（1）仪器a的名称是 。（2）用b装置制取气体并能随时停止反应，上部与下部对接应选 （填“b”、“c”）。（3）从装置ad中选择：加热kmno4制取o2并用排水法收集，应选用图中的 （填字母）；实验室制取并收集co2应选用图中的 （填字母）。（4）用装置e排空气收集h2，气体应从导管的 （填“d”、“e”）端进入；若制取的o2用f装置排水收集，请将图f补画完整。（5）右下图为制取h2并还原fe3o4的微型实验装置，针筒与青霉素瓶组合部分相当于上图装置 （填字母）；检查此装置气密性的具体操作是 ，若现象为 ，则气密性良好。23、学习了mno2对过氧化氢分解有催化作用的 知识后，某同学想：cuo能否起到类似mno2的催化剂作用呢？于是进行了以下探究。【猜想】、cuo不是催化剂、也不参与反应，反应前后质量和化学性质不变；、cuo参与反应产生o2，反应前后质量好化学性质发生了改变；、cuo是反应的催化剂，反应前后 。【实验】用天平称量0.2gcuo，取5ml5%的过氧化氢溶液于试管中，进行如下实验：（1）填写下表：步骤现象步骤结果步骤现象结论 带火星的木条复燃。 溶液中有气泡放出， 猜想、不成立；猜想成立。（2）步骤的目的是 。（3）步骤需用到的实验仪器有：铁架台（带铁圈）、漏斗、烧杯、 。（4）过氧化氢能被cuo催化分解放出o2的化学方程式为 。【拓展】要探究步骤做过催化剂的cuo其它化学性质，还应补做的实验是 。（写一种）。五、（本大题包括2小题，共14分）24、镁是叶绿素中唯一的金属元素，植物缺镁时，通常的症状表现为叶片失绿，严重时整片叶干枯。给农作物施加mgso4和nh4mgpo4（磷酸镁铵）等镁肥，可以促进光合作用，提高抗病能力。（1）nh4mgpo4中含有 种元素，其相对分子质量是 。（2）nh4mgpo4中mg元素的质量分数是 （精确到0.1%）。（3）现要配置溶质质量分数为2%的mgso4溶液500kg进行喷施，需25% mgso4溶液的质量是 kg。25、某兴趣小组从废铝锅底部剪一块铝片，将它放入21.9%的稀盐酸中，产生氢气的质量与消耗盐酸的质量如右下图（假设酸与氧化膜反应时没有h2产生，其它杂质不与酸反应）。请回答：（1）从图中看出，该反应产生了h2 g。（2）产生氢气的化学方程式为： ；铝片中铝单质的质量为 g。（3）求被氧化的铝的质量占未氧化时铝片总质量的质量分数，写出计算过程。5to american. later in the 18th century some british people were taken to australia too. english began to be spoken in both countries. finally by the 19th century the language was settled. at that time two big changes in english spelling happened: first samuel johnson wrote his dictionary and later noah webster wrote the american dictionary of the english language. the latter gave a separate identity to american english spelling.english now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in south asia. for example, india has a very large number of fluent english speakers because britain ruled india from 1765 to 1947. during that time english became the language for government and education. english is also spoken in singapore and malaysia and countries in africa such as south africa. today the number of people learning english in china is increasing rapidly. in fact, china may have the largest number of english learners. will chinese english develop its own identity? only time will tell.standard english and dialectswhat is standard english? is it spoken in britain, the us, canada, australia, india and new zealand? believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard english. many people believe the english spoken on tv and the radio is standard english. this is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent english. however, on tv and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. when people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. american english has many dialects, especially the midwestern, southern, african american and spanish dialects. even in some parts of the usa, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. american english has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world. geography also plays a part in making dialects. some people who live in the mountains of the eastern usa speak with an older kind of english dialect. when americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. so people from the mountains in the southeastern usa speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern usa. the usa is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. although many americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.the oxford english dictionaryyou may think that english dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. the spelling of english has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. but it made reading english much more difficult. so dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. in fact, an english dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late qing dynasty. there men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: samuel johnson, noah webster, and james murray. these men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. for them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. the largest dictionary in the world is the oxford english dictionary, or oed for short. the idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in britain in 1857. twenty-two years later, oxford university asked james murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. murray had never been to college. at the age of fourteen, he left his village school in scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. later he became a great teacher. after oxford gave him the job, murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. part of it was one meter underground. in winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. every morning, murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. often he would work by the candle light into the evening. murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. but after five years, he was still adding words for the letter a! then others went to work with murray, including his two daughters. he worked on the dictionary until he was very old. forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. it included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. and you thought your dictionary was big!unit 3journey down the mekongpart 1 t