公路建设可行性研究报告(范文).doc

trouble with the hero jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife pilar is. minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. it is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. in some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, structurally or interpretationally.foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. they may be main characters or minor characters. in a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. cohn in the sun also rises is a good example. he is one of the main characters. like jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. but during their stay in spain, cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by jake, which makes jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. cohn works mainly by contrast. wilson in the great gatsby works by presenting. gatsby lost his lover to tom and wilson lost his wife to tom. by presenting wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of gatsbys tragedy. dr. watson in the stories of sherlock holmes serves as a foil to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.by the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. this division is proposed by e.m forster. round characters are fully developed while flat characters are not. or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. the flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access. usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.chapter three themearistotle in poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. the other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in english. according to aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primarily as functions of the plot. in most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. but, as northrop frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers society. we indeed have literary works by the likes of shakespeare and homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. however, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. in this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.i. what is theme?one of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. so the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. ii. clarification about themecommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. one misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. in fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. for example, many novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. these novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. they may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. some people discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. it should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. the novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. an analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. people all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. the difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. the reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. it is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. for example, “be kind to your neighbors,” or “honesty is the best policy.” but a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.a novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. in some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. in reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. for example, moby dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. the theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. “love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. a subject may be universal. the subjects of the scarlet letter, the great gatsby, and women in love are all “love.” but these novels have different themes. a theme is particular to its novel, though there are many similar themes to be found in other novels.iii. five requirements for stating a themethe statement of a theme may be brief or long. and there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. but it should meet the following requirements.a theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. for example, “love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” if a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. one can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” the phrase can be changed to “envy is futile.” when one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. for instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”the theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. so in thematic discussion of wuthering heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of revenge,” but not “heathcliffs.”though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. so words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. instead, one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” when making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “beauty is only skin-deep.” if one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels.iv. where to look for the themethe novelist may state or imply the theme. he uses every possible method to convey the theme. though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.how the novel is entitled. the title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. for example, pride and prejudice is about darcys pride and elizabeth bennets prejudice. main street is about the life of middle-class people in a midwestern town. think what the title of for whom the bell tolls tells about its theme, and as i lay dying.how the novelist shows his interest. if the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of ernest hemingway. the point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.how the novelist deals with a common subject. often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.important symbols. symbols are loaded with important meanings. so if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. a good example is the letter “a” in the scarlet letter.important speeches. characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. the characters judgments may give important clues to the theme.v. obvious and unobvious themeobvious theme:the theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. in some stories, the theme is rather obvious. for example, in aesops fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “it is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” in some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. for example, jane austens pride and prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. in some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. for example, uncle toms cabin by h.b.stowe and the grapes of wrath by john steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. the title of the grapes of wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous civil war song, “the battle hymn of the republic.” the line is, “he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” the song was written by a famous and influential social activist, julia ward howe. unobvious theme: but in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. that is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. when we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. to say of james joyces “araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. in many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. in hemingways “a clean, well-lighted place,” as observed by kennedy and gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. for a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. one try on the theme may be: “the older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” but here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not公路建设可行性研究报告 1、概 述 1.1历史背景与任务依据 1.1.1. 历史背景 县地处西部，武夷山南侧，东临，南接连城，西北与毗邻，东北与接壤。全县总面积平方公里，辖个乡镇、个行政村、个居委会，总人口万。全县共有个基层党（工）委，个党总支，个党支部，其中农村党支部111个、社区党支部个。全县共有党员名，其中农村党员名、妇女党员名。 县历史悠久，古称，宋元符元年（1098年）置县至今已909年，因县城环绕，碧水萦回，故名。考古学家在沙芜狐狸洞发现古人类化石，填补了旧石器时代考古空白，把福建人类的活动历史由六、七千年前推进到一万年以前，成为“闽人之源”。民族英雄文天祥曾写下“山高不碍乾坤眼，地小能容宰相身”的诗句称赞。明朝吏部尚书裴应章、我国著名的军事防化专家、中国大提琴的祖籍都是。是全国21个中央苏区县之一，在这块红色土地上，曾留下毛泽东、朱德、彭德怀等老一辈无产阶级革命家的战斗足迹。1930年，毛泽东同志途经，写下了如梦令?元旦，描绘出革命前景。 经过改革开放二十多年的建设，县国民经济和社会发展取得长足进展。2006年，全县地区生产总值15.75亿元，比增12.3%；农林牧渔总产值9.65亿元，比增6.8%；县属规模工业产值10.32亿元，比增22%；全社会固定资产投资7.8亿元，比增63%；财政总收入11411万元，比增20.41%；其中县级一般预算收入5175万元，比增16.03%；出口创汇2204万美元；农民人均纯收入4489元。 但是由于其区位劣势，历史上被喻为“南方塞外地”，是我省西部典型的内陆山区，经济增长速度比较缓慢，基础设施落后，因此，县综合经济实力仍落后于沿海及周边区县。为了加快县域经济的发展，县以建设海峡西岸经济繁荣地带，加强山海协作作为契机，积极主动加强与沿海地区的横向联系，积极调整经济结构和产业发展，充分开发旅游资源和矿产资源，加大基础设施投资力度，以达到刺激经济快速发展。随着改革开放的不断深入，各种产业快速发展，库区移民的生活水平也不断提高，但交通基础设施滞后，制约当地库区移民经济发展，并给当地库区移民的生产、生活带来众多不便。为全面建设社会主义新农村,构建和谐社会,加快库区移民奔小康步伐，尽快改善库区移民的生产、生活条件，本项目的改建势在必行。当地政府和沿线的群众非常盼望和支持本项目的尽早实施。 1.1.2. 任务依据 a.县镇的工可编制委托书； b.交通部颁发的水运、公路建设项目可行性研究报告编制办法； c.国家计委、建设部计投资（2006）530号建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）； d.交通部颁发公路工程技术标准jtg b01-2003及现行有关标准规范； e.市农村公路发展规划； f.县农村公路发展规划； 1.1.3.研究范围 项目工程可行性研究范围包括以下八个方面： 1. 项目区域交通现状分析； 2. 交通量发展预测； 3. 公路建设规模及技术标准； 4. 备选方案拟定及推荐方案工程概况； 5. 投资估算及资金筹措； 6. 实施方案； 7. 经济评价； 8. 问题和建议； 1.2.研究的主要结论 1.2.1.建设理由 1、改善公路行车环境，是沿线库区移民的迫切愿望。由于该路段的落后状况，制约当地库区移民经济发展和交流，该项目的实施能改善行车环境，促进当地库区移民经济发展和方便于城乡一体化的实施，该项目的实施还能改变农村“单一”种养等传统模式，促进产业结构的调整，有利于剩余劳动力的转移，加快当地库区移民奔小康的步伐，并能提供良好的投资环境。 2、是完善路网结构的需要，本项目为县最为重要的县道之一。北连可直通内陆省份江西，往东、南可直通、厦门等地。同时还是连接闽西北各旅游景区最重要的旅游通道，它南连本县的、景区，的景区，北连的景区，经由本线路从至可比原经城关至缩短里程30公里。因此本项目的实施对于县的路网、旅游发展起着重要的作用。 3、提高公路路况，有利于当地自然资源特别是休闲旅游的开发需要。区域内山清水秀、空气清新、盛夏凉爽、生态环境保护良好，特别是具有丰富的近郊旅游休闲度假资源，路线经过的暖水村是当地有名的温泉胜地，温泉水温常年保持在38度左右，日出水量300吨左右，是度假休闲的好去处。同时暖水村是水产养殖基地，基头村是山地鸡养殖基地，是县重要的付食品供应基地。 4、改善山区公路，加大农村扶贫基础设施建设，是振兴当地库区移民经济发展的需要。是革命老区，同时也是经济落后的山区县城。改革开放以来，虽然全县的工农业生产飞跃发展，但是与沿海地区相比，山区经济远落后于沿海地区经济，而造成这种落后状况的根本原因，则是山区农村交通基础设施差，不易于交流，原有公路成为阻碍农村经济发展的“瓶颈”，因而振兴当地库区移民经济发展，改善农村公路路况和行车环境，是十分必要的，有利于当地库区移民经济繁荣，为振兴当地库区移民经济发展创造有利条件。 1.2.2.移民概况及项目对移民产生的效益 1、沿线移民村镇概况 线沿线共有三个行政村，总人口4123人，占镇农业人口的30，其中畲族人口占全镇农业人口的5.7。三个行政村中有2000多人为库区移民。最早的移民为1962年的水库移民，还有坪电站的移民，最近的移民为90年代末期的水库移民。同时还有水库移民至再移民至此的二次移民。境内土壤肥沃，林木苍郁，森林覆盖率达73，盛产松、杉、毛竹等林木。 2、沿线移民村镇的主要经济产业 沿线三个行政村主要是以农业为主，是县的付食品和蔬菜供应基地，区域内有稻田养鱼、山塘养鱼、水面养鸭、果山养鸡、竹山养羊以及大棚蔬菜等，同时是烤烟、商品粮基地。采取烟粮轮种的方式，种植烤烟2300多亩，出栏鸡鸭22万只，有造林基地8000亩，山苍籽基地3800亩。沿线的桥下村大部分为闽南移民，吃苦奈劳，主要从事泥水、建筑行业，主要的工作地点城关。 3、项目实施后对移民产生的效益分析 由于交通的不便，使区域的优势难以发挥，移民的经济收入难以大幅提高，各种资源的附加值无法充分体现，目前的人均年收入在3500元左右。项目实施后，由于交通的便利，使原来需要40分钟的路程缩短到15分钟即可到达，大大的节省了通达时间，各种费用也会大幅下绛，相应的产品附加值将大幅提高，移民的收入也将相应提高。随着人民生活的大幅提高，对生活质量的要求也越来越高，郊区的休闲度假也成为了时尚，该项目实施后，处在暖水村的温泉将得到开发，同时农家乐等休闲项目也将在近郊兴起。由于交通的改善，将引起移民村镇的经济结构和产业的改变，有助于增加移民的收入，从而提高移民的生活水平，预计该项目实施后将给沿线村民带来可观的经济效益，年收入增长在10-15之间。 1.2.3.交通量发展预测 根据本项目路段的交通量调查以及项目影响区国民经济发展与公路运输指标的关系，进行交通量预测，其预测结果详见表1-1。 交通量预测结果表 单位：辆/日（小客车）表1-1 年 份 2008 2010 2015 2017 趋势交通量 610 670 835 908 诱增交通量 61 74 109 122 最终交通量 671 744 944 1030 1.3.建设规模、标准及主要控制点 本项目起点位于镇桥下村的白石桥，经开荒，终点为。路线全长9.56公里，采用部颁四级公路标准，路基宽6.5米，路面宽6.0米。 1.3.1.技术标准 本项目技术标准采用交通部颁发的jtg b01-2003公路工程技术标准中v=20km/h四级公路标准。 主要技术标准表 表1-2 指标名称 指标 备注 建设规模（公里） 9.56 公路等级 四级 设计行车速度（公里/小时） 20 路基宽度（米） 6.5 小桥涵与路基同宽 路面宽度（米） 6.0 一般最小平曲线半径（米） 30 极限最小平曲线半径（米） 15 停车视距（米） 40 最大纵坡（%） 9 路基设计洪水频率 1/25 小桥涵设计洪水频率 1/25 桥涵设计荷载 公路级 1.3.3.3.主要控制点 起点位于镇桥下村的白石桥，经开，终点为。 1.3.4.主要工程数量 本项目推荐方案充分利用现有老路，力求路基土石方填挖平衡，推荐方案主要工程数量见表1-3。 主要工程数量表 表1-3 项目 工程名称 单位 数量 一 路线长度 公里 9.56 二 路基土石方工程 立方米 18264 1 土方立方米 14609 2 石方 立方米 3655 三 填方 立方米 10291 四 路面工程 公里 9.56 1 路面垫层（15cm） 平方米 64540 2 5水泥稳定基层（15c