m医学英语疾病介绍——breast_cancer(乳腺癌)

Breast CancerBreast Cancer 乳腺癌乳腺癌 “ Pink Ribbon “ has been as the world recognized identification Breast cancer prevention activities , publicity for “ early prevention, early detection, early treatment “ this information. “粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及早 发现，及早治疗” . Breast Cancer Today In China China is one of the countries with lower incidence of breast cancer( 中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一), But in recent years, the incidence increased significantly(但近年来发病率出现了引人注目的增 长), An annual(每年的) increase of 3% to 4%, More than 1 to 2% of the world level, The incidence rate is one of the women most susceptible to tumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位). The incidence of breast cancer from age 40 to 60 years generally, But chinese patients with early age of onset, The 45-year-old is the maximum age of sickness.(乳腺癌的 好发年龄为4060岁，但我国患者发病 年龄提前，45岁为发病最高峰) Hormonal influence(激素影响): Long duration of reproductive life(育龄的长时间持续) Nulliparity(,nliprti未产妇) Late age at first child(老龄生育) Functioning ovarian(veri:n) tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响) Fibrocystic disease(乳腺纤维囊性病) Radiation exposure(射线照射) Obesity(肥胖) Genetic predisposition遗传倾向) Causes And Risk Factors Outline The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100 times more common in women. Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(有亲 缘关系) who has had the disease. But keep in mind that up to 80% of women with breast cancer have no family history of the illness (80%的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史). Causes And Risk Factors Breast Cancer: Why Me? Being overweight(过度肥胖), getting too little exercise(极少锻炼), and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day(每天喝超过 一定量的含酒精饮料) can raise the risk of developing breast cancer. Birth control pills(避孕药) and some forms of postmenopausal(pst,menpzl) hormone therapy(某些形式的 绝经后激素疗法) can also boost your risk(提高发病几率). Recent studies suggest that physical activity(体育活动) may help lower the risk of a recurrence(降低复发率) and its a proven mood- booster(被公认为“愉悦情绪激发器”). Causes And Risk Factors Risk Factors in Your Control Breast Anatomy outer upper quadrant (外上四分之一区域) 50% Central zone(中心区域) 20% 10% outer lower quadrant ( 外下四分之一区域) 10% inner lower quadrant (内下四分之一区域) inner upper quadrant (内上四分之一区域) 10% Breast Anatomy Site(发病部位 ): There are often no symptoms of early breast cancer, but sometimes women may discover a breast problem on their own. Signs and symptoms to be aware of may include: A painless lump(无痛的肿物) in the breast. Changes in breast size or shape(乳房大小和形状改变). Swelling in the armpit(mpt). ( 腋窝处隆起) Nipple changes or discharge. (乳头变化 或出现非生理性泌乳) Symptoms Signs and tests Tests used to diagnose and monitor patients with breast cancer( 用于诊断和监控乳腺癌患者的试验) may include: Mammography(乳房X线摄影术) to screen for breast cancer(显示乳腺癌病灶) or help identify the breast lump.(帮助辨 别乳房肿物) The earlier breast cancer is found, the easier it is to treat. And mammograms, X-rays of the breast, can detect tumors(能够探测 肿瘤) before they are large enough to feel(在它们生长到足够大以 至于可以被感觉到之前). Signs and tests Breast MRI(乳房核磁共振成像) to help better identify the breast lump(帮助更好地辨别乳房肿物的性质) or evaluate(vljet) an abnormal change on a mammogram(评估 乳房造影摄片上可见的异常改变) Breast ultrasound(ltrsand)(乳房超声检测) to show whether the lump is solid(固态的) or fluid-filled(充满液体的), An ultrasound can help determine the presence of cysts, fluid-filled sacs that are not cancer(超声检测可以帮助判定病灶区包囊的出现和充满液体的 囊并非都是癌症改变). MRI: Magnetic(mgnetk) Resonance(rez()nns) Imaging 核磁共振成像 Signs and tests The only sure way to determine whether a lump is cancer is to do a biopsy(baps)(活体组织切片检 查). This involves taking a tissue sample for further examination in the lab, sometimes through a small needle(通过细小针头抽取). Sometimes surgery is done to take part of or the entire lump for testing(手术切除部分 肿物送检). The results will show whether the lump is cancer, and if so, what type.(活检结果会显示肿 物是否为癌症，如果是还 可以判定它的型别) First, dont panic(首先不要恐慌). Eighty percent of breast lumps are not cancerous(80%的乳房肿块并不是癌性的). Lumps often turn out to be harmless cysts(常常被证明是无害的囊肿) or tissue changes related to your menstrual(menstrl) cycle(或是与你的 月经周期相关的组织改变). But you should let your doctor know right away if you find anything unusual(不寻常的) in your breast. If it is cancer, the earlier its found the better. And if its not, testing can give you peace of mind. Signs and tests What If You Find a Lump? There are many types of breast cancer surgery, from taking out the area around the lump (lumpectomy(lmpktmi)(乳房肿瘤切除术) or breast-conservation(knsve()n)(保留) surgery(乳腺癌保乳治 疗) to removing the entire breast (mastectomy(mstektm)(外科 全乳房切除术).) Its best to discuss the pros and cons(各自的优缺点 ) of each of these procedures(prsi:d)(流程) with your doctor before deciding whats right for you. Treatment Surgery Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells(用高能 量的射线杀伤癌细胞). It may be used after breast cancer surgery to wipe out any cancer cells that remain(通常在乳腺癌手术之后采用放 射疗法来清除任何残存的癌细胞). It can also be used along with chemotherapy(与化疗一同使用) for treatment of cancer that has spread to other parts of the body(针对已经扩散到身体其他 部位的乳腺癌). Side effects can include(副作用包括)fatigue and swelling(水肿) or a sunburn-like feeling in the treated area(治疗局部有烈日 灼烧感). Treatment Additional Treatments Treatment Additional Treatments Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells anywhere in the body( 化疗使用药物来杀伤体内任何部位的癌细胞). The drugs are often given by IV(intravenous injection通常采用静脉注射), but are sometimes taken by mouth(有时也经口服). Chemotherapy may be done after surgery to lower the odds(优势，几率) of the cancer coming back(术后进行化疗可以降低癌症的复发率). In women with advanced breast cancer(处于 进展期乳腺癌的妇女), chemotherapy can help control the cancers growth(化疗可以 帮助控制肿瘤的生长). Side effects(副作用) may include hair loss(脱发), nausea (ns; -z-)(恶心), fatigue (疲劳), and a higher risk of infection(更易受细菌感染). Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer Hormone therapy is an effective treatment for women with ER- positive or PR-positive breast cancer(激素疗法对ER阳性或PR阳性 乳腺癌十分有效). These are cancers that grow more rapidly in response to the hormones estrogen or progesterone(即指对雌激素 和孕酮的反应具有生长加速作用的乳腺肿瘤). Hormone therapy can block this effect(激素疗法可以阻断这个效应). It is most often used after breast cancer surgery to help keep the cancer from coming back. It may also be used to reduce the chance of breast cancer developing in women who are at high risk (激素疗法同样也能减少乳腺癌 易感妇女的患病几率). Treatment Additional Treatments Targeted Drugs(靶向药物治疗) for Breast Cancer Targeted therapies(靶向药物疗法) are newer drugs(新药) that target specific properties within cancer cells(具有攻击癌细胞的特性). For example, women with HER2-positive breast cancer have too much of a protein call