第01章药理学总论绪言_第1页
第01章药理学总论绪言_第2页
第01章药理学总论绪言_第3页
第01章药理学总论绪言_第4页
第01章药理学总论绪言_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩82页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

第一章 药理学总论 蚌埠医学院 药学系药理教研室 2005.9 Chapter 1. Introduction General principles of pharmacology Bengbu Medical College Faculty of pharmacy Department of Pharmacology Zhu xiaoguang 薬 ? drug 葯 drug alter Physiology and pathology prevent diagnoseCure Chamical substance 1 sources of drugs (来源) 天然: plants (植物) animals (动物) minerals(矿物) 2 合成: 1) full-synthetic drug (全合成) 2)semi-synthetic drug (半合成) 3)Genetic engineering drugs (基因工程药物) Drug & poison 罂粟 药物 pharmacology ? 3 is the study of interaction between drug and body and the laws of drug actions. Pharmacology pharmacology drugs body microbes 药效学 药动学 致 病 作 用 抵抗力 抑制或杀灭 抗药性 药动学 Pharmacokinetics disposes body drug 4 1)absorption A. 吸收、 2)distribution D. 分布、 3)metabolism M. 代谢、 4)excretion E. 排泄 body drugs Pharmacodynamics 5、药效学 acts on responds toresponds to 1)action (作用)、 2)mechanism (作用机制)、 3)use (应用、用途)、 4)Adverse reaction (不良反应) ? Why do you study pharmacology? characters of subject ? 特点 1、桥梁学科 2、基础学科 3、实验学科 基础课 临床课 解剖 生理 生化 病理 内科 外科 妇科 儿科 药理学 实验学科 ? 1、direct rational usage of drug 2、Research and develop new drug 3、Provide scientific basis and research tool for other vital science. tasks : 二、Historical development of pharmacology 古代:药物学神农本草经 本草纲目 现代:药理学 化学:提供纯品、单体 生理学:提供实验方法 生物化学:器官细胞分子水平 实验方法 1、实验药理学方法 2、实验治疗学方法 3、临床药理学方法 research of new drugs 三、Development and 1)preclinical research 2)clinical research 3)post-marketing surveilance 1、临床前研究 2、临床研究 3、上市后药物检测售后调研 药物化学 药理学 期临床 期临床 期临床 期临床 新药开发与研究 ChapterChapter 2 2 Pharmacokin etics qualitative research (定性研究) A、D、M、E及过程 quantitative research (定量研究) 用数学的方法研究体内药浓变化 的规律,(药动学参parameter) 药动学 transportation (转运) 药物 位置变化。 (A、D、E、) transformation (转化) 药物 化学结构变化。 (M) 体内 体内 Researching content Transmembrane drug transport ? 1 transmembrane transportation of drugs 脂质双分子层 Manners of transport non carrier mediated transport (非载体转运 Carrier mediated transport (载体转运 Mode of transmembrane transportation 1、filtration (滤过) 2、simple diffusion (简单扩散) (lipid diffusion ,脂溶扩散 ) (被动扩散) 一、 passive diffusion 药物通过细胞膜的方式 1)filtrtion 滤过 2)Simple diffusion(简单扩散) Ion trapping non carrier transport (被动扩散) passive diffusion simple diffusion 1、大多数药物的转运方式 (most common and important mode) 2、顺浓差(along the concentration gradient) 3、不耗能(does not expend energy) 4、不需载体(does not need carrier) 5、 没有饱和现象和竞争抑制 (has not saturation competitive inhibition) ? transmembrane transportation 1)膜两侧药浓差 2)药物脂溶性 易跨膜 脂溶性 解离度小 极性低 pHpKa= log A- / HA weak acid (弱酸) Handerson-Hasselbalch equation 10 pH-pKa = A- / HA HA = H+ + A- Ka = H+ A- / HA (解离常数) pKa: Ka 的负对数 pH:H+浓度负对数 BH =H+ + B Ka =H+B/BH weak base (弱碱) - pKa-pH=logBH/B 10 pKa-pH=BH+/B 0-1-2-312 3 50 20 80 100 50 80 100 20 Free% 口诀 酸酸碱碱促吸收, 酸碱碱酸促排泄 ? 酸性药 盐 (碱) Penicillin G 青霉素 + 钾(钠) (酸) ? 碱性药 Morphine 盐酸+吗啡 盐酸吗啡 (酸)(碱) (盐) 苯巴比妥钠 PH 7.0 PH 7.4 cell ? Carrier mediated transport (载体转运) 1)Active transport (主动转运) 2)Facilitated diffusion (易化扩散) Characteristics Carrier mediated transport / ? 1)Selectivity (选择性) 2)Saturation ( 饱和性) 3)Competition(竞争性) Competitive inhibition (竞争性抑制) transmembrane transportation Factors affecting ? drug Permeable amount Blood flow (通透量) (C1 C2) 膜面积通透系数 膜厚度 2 、 1、 2 Course of drug in the body 一、Absorption ? drug cellular membrane barrier circulation Administration of drug (给药途径) 1、 Per os(口服) Molecular weight, velocity of disintegration、 dissolution 1)first pass elimination (首关消除) Orally administered drugs the portal vein the liver ,small intestine the drugs may be metabolized less drugs reach the systemic circulation first-pass elimination or first-pass metabolism. hapatic per rectum Sublingua l Per os 4、Sublingual (舌下给药) 2、Inhalation (吸入给药) 3、topical application(局部用药) per rectum (直肠给药) intravenous injection,iv or infusion (静脉注射或输液) intramucular injection,im(肌内注射) subcutaneous injection ,sc(皮下注射) intra-arterial ,ia(动脉注射) Transdermal (鞘内注射) 5、injection factors affecting drug absorption physicochemical properties preparations药物的理化性质和制剂特点 、 administration routes absorption environment 给药途径和吸收环境 、 pH of the environment 环境pH 二、 Distribution all organs ? drug circulation 1)binding to Plasma protein 2 )Blood flow of organs 3 )Tissue binding 4 ) pKa and pH 5 ) Barrier Factor affecting distribution: binding to plasma protein 暂失活性 暂时贮存 难以跨膜转运 不易排泄 有竟争置换作用 distribution redistribution- Blood flow A . drugbloodbrain B. fatblood all organs Plasma protein binding Saturable Protein + drug A 90% Free - drug A 10% drug B binding 90% drug A 10% Free - drug A 90% Competitive inhibition 1) 2) 4)thisodium fat (redistribution) (硫喷妥钠) T issue binding: 1)Iodin(碘) thyroid gland 2)chloroquine liver, red cell infected (氯喹) by plasmodium 3)gentamicin hair, skin, nail (庆大霉素) 1) Blood-brain barrier (血脑屏障) 2) Placenta barrier (胎盘屏障) 3) Blood eye barrier (血眼屏障) Barrier ( 屏障) 三、Transformation 1、(metabolism) ? The structure of drug is altered by enzymatic system Oxidation (氧化) Reduction (还原) Hydrolysis (水解) 2、Phases of biotransformation: Phase 2: Conjugation(结合) Phase 1 3、results of metabolism 1) effect,polar,excretion 2) effec,toxin 3) metabolism activity 4) no metabolism in body 4、Factor affecting metabolism 3) metabolic enzymes 1) structure of drug 2) transformation Hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system (肝微粒体药物代谢酶,肝药酶) 1)Cytochromes P-450 2)hepatic mixed-function oxydase system, (混合功能氧化酶系统) Enzymes hepatic mixed- function oxidase 1) low specificity 2) represent a mixed-function oxidase system 3) have individual variation inducible and inhibition 4) Characteristics enzyme inducer (肝药酶诱导剂): 使肝药酶活性的药物,如苯巴比妥 1) increase the activity of cytochrome P450 2)increase their own metabolism as well as that of other drugs. enzyme inhibitor (肝药酶抑制剂): the activity of cytochrome P450 Results : 1) Most drugs become polarized molecule and secreted easily 2)Some drug become active metabolites, Conjugation 5、 Excretion out of the body ? are discharged drugs drug administration bodyPharmcodynamic effect Pharmcokinetic processexcretion out of elimination (A. D. M) (E) Excretory routes: Biliary excretion Renal excretion (肾脏) (胆囊) Gaistriintestinal (胃肠道) Rispiratory (呼吸道) milk(乳汁) Sweat(汗) Saliva(唾液) Tears (泪) Sikin (皮肤) Renal excretion Filtration Nonspecific secretion mechanisms: acidic (anion,阴离子) basic (cation,阳离子) competitive inhibition Passive reabsorption Biliary excretion hepato-enteral circulation Cardiac glycoside 强心苷 1. How many factors affect the absorption,distribution? 2. Whats hepatoenteral circulation? Whats its importance? 3. Do you can describe characteristics and importance of the hepatic biotransformation of drug. 三、Model of compartment 1、 Model of one opening compartment (po.) Drug body A. E. D. M. 2、 Model of two opening compartment (po.) PO drug中央室 周边室 E. A. D. M. 血供丰富组织 血供贫乏组织 4. Eliminationkinetics of drug zero-order kinetics (零级动力学) first-order kinetics (一级动力学) Constant fraction (恒定比例 ) of drug is eliminated per unit

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

最新文档

评论

0/150

提交评论