3437.C 加快山东省加工贸易转型升级的对策研究 英文文献.doc

题目：加快山东加工贸易转型升级的对策研究英文文献1资料：processing trade, mainly referring to the external processing and assembly, small and medium-sized compensation trade and processing trade feed. the benefits of the development of processing trade is less investment and time is short, effective and is conducive to take full advantage of chinas abundant labor resources and to expand exports and increase foreign exchange earnings. it is generally talking about three to a meeting, referring to the processing, assembly, sample processing, compensation trade and small and medium-sized, sample processing, which is not within the scope of the processing trade. processing trade is characterized by processing the re-export business, a variety of ways, a common way of processing trade include: 1. into the material processing. into custody in a known, refers to foreign exchange to buy foreign raw materials, auxiliary materials, the use of their technology, equipment and labor, after processing into finished products, sold to foreign markets. this type of business enterprise to the identity of the buyer to purchase raw materials and foreign contracts signed, on the identity of the seller to sign export contracts finished. embodiment of the two contracts for the two transactions, they are characterized by transfer of title sale of goods. feed processing trade should pay attention to the processing of the finished product in the international market to be marketable. otherwise, the imported raw materials difficult to balance the foreign exchange, from this point of view processing with imported materials prices have to bear the risks and the risk of product sales. 2. processing. it usually refers to processing by the foreign party to the other party to provide raw materials, auxiliary materials and packaging materials, in accordance with the two sides agreed that the quality, specifications, style processing into finished products to each other, their processing fees charged. incoming from the other side have all, some part of incoming from the other side, part of the country by the processing of raw materials to the materials used. in addition, sometimes the other side only pattern, specifications and other requirements, the use by the processing of local raw materials for processing. this is often referred to as sample processing. 3. assembly operations. assembly by the party providing the necessary equipment, technology and related components, spare parts, assembly for products from the other party after the delivery. incoming materials processing and assembly operations, including two trade process, first, the import of raw materials, and the other is exports. but these two processes are the same two aspects of trade, rather than two transactions. providers of raw materials and products with the recipient is a business, the sale transaction the relationship between the two sides does not exist, but the relationship between commission processing, processing is the one earned for services rendered, so this type of trade is trade in services areas. the benefits of it is: the processing side can play their own advantages of abundant labor resources and provide more employment opportunities; to add to lack of domestic raw materials, give full play to the countrys productive potential; by the introduction of foreign advanced production technology, advanced management from abroad experience, improve their technological level and product quality, improve their products marketability in the international market capacity and competitiveness. of course, processing and assembly operations is only the initial stage of a service trade, processing fees to be earned, the product from raw materials into finished products in the process of value-added, the basic occupied by the other party. as a result of this trade than the risk of small feed processing, carried out in chinas relatively broad access to a better economic efficiency. 4. collaborative production. it is part of one party or the main component parts, and the use of their production from the other side of the other parts assembled into a product exports. trademarks can be determined through mutual consultation, either with the processing side, the other side can also be used. the price for the accessories can be deducted from the purchase price. society edit this paragraph definition of administrative rules and regulations peoples republic of china customs supervision of processing trade goods approach (the general administration of customs no. 113) stipulates that the processing trade, enterprises refer to all or part of imported raw and auxiliary materials, parts, components, packaging materials (hereinafter referred to as material pieces), after re-processing or assembly, will be re-exported products of business activities, including materials processing and processing with imported materials. processing refers to the imported materials and parts provided by foreign enterprises, enterprises do not require payment of imports, in accordance with the requirements of foreign enterprises for processing or assembly, only to collect processing fees, sales of manufactured goods from outside the enterprise business activities. processing with imported materials, imported materials and parts refer to enterprises and payment from import, export manufactured goods exported by enterprises business activities. 英语文献2processing trade in china with the deepening of reform and opening up and growing, since 1996, processing trade in china, since the childhood, in chinas foreign trade volume occupies deodorants. currently involved in processing trade industry, in the majority of pulling the healthy development of the national economy and promote domestic industries development, promote domestic industrial structure adjustment and technical progress, using double play a positive role.as the vice premier wu yi said, processing trade in chinas opening up and economic development plays an important role. because of its rapid growth, china has become the worlds trading powers.from the development of processing trade, we have experienced the process from to a to the processing, from the two outside workshop to foreign-funded enterprises as the main body, from simple processing machinery and technology to high-tech products processing trade structure transformation, which represents the development of chinas processing trade. currently, economic globalization and new technology revolution brought the new pattern of international industrial division, world of multinational companies began to different production, distribution network, supply chain management and r&d center, in the global scope, the rational allocation of chinese processing trade for future development of new opportunities. and the direction of future development of processing trade is: to expand the area of activity of processing trade, domestic development and opening to the requirements, continuously improve world manufacturing base function, the main processing trade by foreign investment enterprises to gradually to the domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises, for processing trade supervision from strict to risk management, trade and investment with standard high-effect scientific convenient way of supervision.a, processing trade for promoting economic and social development of the positive contributionreform and opening up, especially in 25 years since 1998, the processing trade has made considerable progress in china, to improve the international payments and expand employment, promote structure upgrade and technology progress, have played an important role. in 1981, the total import and export processing trade in 25 billion dollars, the total import and export 5.7%, which exit 11 billion, accounting for more than 5%, imported $14 billion, accounting for more than 6.4%, processing trade rate was 21.4%. by 2003, import and export processing trade amounted to us $4048 billion in total import and export, the 47.6%, one 2418 billion, accounting for export, import kills than 55.2%, accounting for more than $market, processing trade rate 47%, when creating trade surplus 789 billion dollars. for many years, the processing trade accumulative create 30 million jobs, accumulative total trade surplus 504514 billion dollars.after chinas entry into the wto and the background, the relative growth difference, due to foreign direct investment stock price gap and relatively comprehensive factors, our country actual use of foreign direct investment scale of enterprises with foreign investment, trade and mechanical processing and high-tech products processing trade exports are made rapid growth. in 2003, foreign investment enterprise processing trade accounts for 80 percent of the total processing trade, the proportion of export processing export processing, the higher the 4-instar larva 27 percent, enterprises with foreign investment enterprises and other enterprises, in processing exports respectively, 6.6%, as high as 90.2% 3.2%, growth, and achieved respectively 43.5% 53.8% 16%. at the same time, the processing of import proportion also 76%, higher than processing import 26.2 percent, enterprises with foreign investment enterprises and other enterprises, the proportion of imported in processing 93.4%, 4.1 per cent respectively, respectively, 2.4% growth, and were 41.9%. 9.2% in physics, mechanical and electrical products export 2275 billion dollars, the total export processing trade 51.9%, which accounts for approximately 75%, export of high-tech products, processing trade to 90%.文献1中文翻译：加工贸易,主要指对外加工装配、中小型补偿贸易和进料加工贸易。发展加工贸易的好处是投资少，时间短，见效快，有利于充分利用我国丰富的劳动力资源，有利于扩大出口，增加外汇收入。而通常所说的“三来一补”,指来料加工,来件装配、来样加工和中小型补偿贸易,其中来样加工不在加工贸易的范围内。 加工贸易是以加工为特征的再出口业务，其方式多种多样，常见的加工贸易方式有： 1.进料加工。又叫以进养出，指用外汇购入国外的原材料、辅料，利用本国的技术、设备和劳力，加工成成品后，销往国外市场。这类业务中，经营的企业以买主的身份与国外签订购买原材料的合同，又以卖主的身份签订成品的出口合同。两个合同体现为两笔交易，它们都是以所有权转移为特征的货物买卖。进料加工贸易要注意所加工的成品在国际市场上要有销路。否则，进口原料外汇很难平衡，从这一点看进料加工要承担价格风险和成品的销售风险。 2.来料加工。它通常是指加工一方由国外另一方提供原料、辅料和包装材料，按照双方商定的质量、规格、款式加工为成品，交给对方，自己收取加工费。有的是全部由对方来料，有的是一部分由对方来料，一部分由加工方采用本国原料的辅料。此外，有时对方只提出式样、规格等要求，而由加工方使用当地的原、辅料进行加工生产。这种做法常被称为“来样加工”。 3.装配业务。指由一方提供装配所需设备、技术和有关元件、零件，由另一方装配为成品后交货。来料加工和来料装配业务包括两个贸易进程，一是进口原料，二是产品出口。但这两个过程是同一笔贸易的两个方面，而不是两笔交易。原材料的提供者和产品的接受者是同一家企业，交易双方不存在买卖关系，而是委托加工关系，加工一方赚取的是劳务费，因而这类贸易属于劳务贸易范畴。它的好处是：加工一方可以发挥本国劳动力资源丰裕的优势，提供更多的就业机会；可以补充国内原料不足，充分发挥本国的生产潜力；可以通过引进国外的先进生产工艺，借鉴国外的先进管理经验，提高本国技术水平和产品质量，提高本国产品在国际市场的适销能力和竞争能力。当然，来料加工与装配业务只是一种初级阶段的劳务贸易，加工方只能赚取加工费，产品从原料转化为成品过程中的附加价值，基本被对方占有。由于这种贸易方式比进料加工风险小，目前在我国开展得比较广泛，获得了较好的经济效益。 4.协作生产。它是指一方提供部分配件或主要部件，而由另一方利用本国生产的其他配件组装成一件产品出口。商标可由双方协商确定，既可用加工方的，也可用对方的。所供配件的价款可在货款中扣除。协编辑本段行政法规定义 中华人民共和国海关对加工贸易货物监管办法（海关总署令第113号)规定，加工贸易，是指经营企业进口全部或者部分原辅材料、零部件、元器件、包装物料（以下简称料件），经加工或者装配后，将制成品复出口的经营活动，包括来料加工和进料加工。来料加工，是指进口料件由境外企业提供，经营企业不需要付汇进口，按照境外企业的要求进行加工或者装配，只收取加工费，制成品由境外企业销售的经营活动。 进料加工，是指进口料件由经营企业付汇进口，制成品由经营企业外销出口的经营活动。文献2 的中文翻译：加工贸易在我国随着改革开放的不断深入而不断壮大，自1996年以来，加工贸易在我