医学英语词汇ppt课件

LOGO Medical Vocabulary Teaching Office of Fundamental Nursing Wang Juan construction vEnglish Medical Terminology vprofessional literature reading vWriting for Abstract of Medical Thesis v ISPN and Related Issues vNursing Process vHealth Assessment vCommunity Health Nursing vNursing Care of the Oldest Old vPromoting Coping in Hospitalized Children vMidwifery and Perinatal Care vPrinciples and Methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Nursing 医学英语词汇概述 教学内容 医学英语语词的来源 医学英语词汇特点 医学词根、前缀、后缀 词 源 v古英语： 数量极少，只是最基本的人体解剖术语和与人 体基本生理功能和疾患相关术语。 v有些单词意义基本没有变化： blood; bone; eye; mouth; hand v拼写、读音、意义都发生变化： chest breast 词 源 v希腊语： v借自希腊语的前缀： peri-(周围，围绕，靠近)；auto-(自己，独自) v借自希腊语的词根： append(o)-(阑尾)；mast(o)-(乳腺，乳房) v借自希腊语的单词： colon-(结肠)；coma-(昏迷) 词 源 v拉丁语： v借自拉丁语的前缀： re-(再，又，重新)；centi-(百) v借自拉丁语的词根： audi(o)-(听觉，听力)； urin(o)-(尿) v借自拉丁语的单词： medicine-(医学)；tumor-(肿瘤) 词 源 v阿拉伯语：syrup v法语：hospital; benigh v德语：aspirin; gene v意大利语：influenza; malaria v西班牙语：mosquito; quinine 词 源 v中医术语： yin(阴)；yang(阳)；jing(精)；qi(气) tui na(推拿)；acupuncture point(穴位) 医学英语词汇主要特点 1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇 2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近 3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀 4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词 5、一个意义常有多个表达 1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇 vIrrigation:冲洗-灌溉 vSolution:溶液-解决问题 vLabor:分娩-劳力 vIndication:适应-指示 vSecondary:继发性中级的 2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近 v音近： penicillin:盘尼西林 Gua Sha: 刮痧 v形近： milk tooth:乳齿 chicken breast:鸡胸 3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀 vElectrocardiogram：心电图 vAutotransplantation:自体移植 4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词 v字母缩略词： 取自短语:BP=Blood Pressure SARS=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 取自单词：ECG=electrocardiogram v截短词：cardiogram=electrocardiogram 5、一个意义常有多个表达 v近视： myopia; near-sighted; near/short-sightedness v小便： urinate(V.); urine(n.) pass water; pee 医学英语词汇结构 v医学词素(morpheme)： v医学词根(root) v医学词缀(affix:prefix,suffix) 医学英语词汇结构 v词根： v可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和 含义相同 erythr(o)- 1、自由词根：abdomen 2、黏着词根：vas(o)- 医学英语词汇结构 v前缀（prefix）： 置于词根前对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素 1、指事物基本状况的前缀：a-,dys-,hyper- 2、指时间、方位或位置的前缀： ex-,in-,peri-,sub-,trans- 3、指相互关系的前缀：auto-,idio-,homo- 4、指数字的前缀：uni-,bi-,tri-,cent- 医学英语词汇结构 v后缀（suffix）： 置于词根后对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素 v常常用于单词后作为添加词素来改变词汇含义 的一小部分或改变词性，但不可能改变一个单 词的含义 v简单后缀（simple suffix） 复合性后缀（compound suffix） 医学英语词汇结构 v简单后缀： v形容词后缀：-ar,-ic,-itic v动词后缀：-ize,-ate,-fy v名词后缀：-oma,-ia,-itis v副词后缀：-ad,-ward,-wise 医学英语词汇结构 v复合性后缀： 由部分词根和简单后缀结合而成 v-graphy=-graph+y:process of recording v-logy=-log+y:study,science v-uria=-ur+ia:urine condition v连接元音字母： 在两个词素之间常会被添加进一个连接元音字 母，以使人们在连读这两个词素时，在语音上顺 口流畅。 v连接元音字母大多出现在两个词素相连而后一 个词素的起始字母发辅音的情况下，尤其是在 前一个词素的末尾字母发辅音而后一个词素的 起始字母也发辅音的情况下。 6个连接元音字母： vo:为最常见的连接元音字母 vi:为较常见的连接元音字母 va,e,u:较少见的连接元音字母 vy:为最少见连接元音字母 v-o-: therm（温）+meter（测量器）：thermometer v-i-：insect（虫）+cide（杀）：insecticide v-a-：pent（五）+gon（角）：pentagon v-e-：liqu（液）+fy（化）：liquefy v-u-：cent（百）+ple（倍）：centuple 连接元音字母的标注：一个词素在后连另一词素时 需要添加的连接元音字母是特定的。 vmy-,myo-:肌 vost-,osto-:骨 vdent-,denti-,dento-:牙 vant-,anti-:对立，反抗，制止 快速记忆 v-centesis 穿刺术 v-graphy 记录，摄影 v-plasty 成型术 v-scopy 镜检 v-stasis 停止，制止 测试 varthrocentesis vcardiography vmyoplasty vcystoscopy vmycostasis vpelvimetry v关节穿刺术 v心电图 v肌成型术 v膀胱镜检查 v抑制霉菌作用 v骨盆测量仪 医学英语常用词根及构词 呼吸系统（The respiratory system) This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them. The purpose of this system is to take in air ,and from it extract oxygen which is then dissolved into the blood and conveyed to all the tissues . A waste product of the cells ,carbon dioxide ,is taken by the blood to the lungs ,whence it is expelled to the outside air. The respiratory system 1、呼吸breath v 词根：-pnea,pneum(o)-,pneumat(o)-,-spir(o) v 例词：orthopnea端坐呼吸；pneumothorax气胸； expiration呼气 2、鼻nose v 词根：nas(o)-,rhin(o)- v 例词：nasopharynx鼻咽；rhinitis鼻炎 3、喉throat 词根：laryng(o)- 例词：laryngitis喉炎； 4、气管windpipe 词根：trache(o)- 例词：tracheotomy气管切开术； tracheal气管的 The respiratory system 5、支气管bronchi 词根：bronch(o)- 例词：bronchiectasis支气管扩张； bronchitis支气管炎 The respiratory system 6、肺lung： 词根：pneumon(o)-,pulmo(n)(o)- 例词：pneumonia肺炎；pulmonary肺的 7、胸chest： 词根：thorac(o)- 例词：thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术； The respiratory system Practice vRespiratory distress syndrome vPneumonia vLung ventilation vMetabolic compensation vdyspnea v呼吸窘迫综合征 v肺炎 v肺通气 v代谢代偿 v呼吸困难 Diagnostic terms vInspection：视诊 vAuscultation ：听诊 vPercussion：叩诊 vPalpation：触诊 Abbreviations vARDS vBronch vCOPD vCPR vCXR vDPT Abbreviations vARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome vCOPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vCPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation vCXR: Chest X-ray vDPT: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus The circulatory system vThe heart ,blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes all make up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body tissues, bringing with it food ,oxygen and other substances ,and carrying away waste materials. The circulatory system 1、心heart： v词根：cardi(o)- v例词：electrocardiogram心电图； cardiomyopathy心肌病 2、心房auricle： v词根：atri(o)- v例词：atrial心房的；sinoatrial窦房的 The circulatory system 3、心室ventricle： v词根：ventricul(o)- v例词：ventricular心室的； interventricular室间的 4、瓣膜valve： v词根：valvul(o)- v例词：valvular瓣膜的 The circulatory system 5、血管vessel： 词根：vas(o)-,angi(o)- 例词：vasculitis血管炎； angiography血管造影 6、动脉artery： 词根：arteri(o)- 例词：arteriography动脉造影； arteritis动脉炎 The circulatory system 7、静脉vein： 词根：ven(o)-,phleb(o)- 例词：venous静脉的；phlebitis静脉炎 8、主动脉aorta： 词根：aort(o)- 例词：aortitis主动脉炎；aortic主动脉的 The circulatory system 9、毛细血管capillary： v词根：capillar(o)- v例词：postcapillary后毛细血管； 10、脉搏pulse: v词根：puls(o)-,sphygm(o)- v例词：pulse脉搏；sphygmogram脉搏图 Practice vAcute myocardial infarction vPrimary coronary stenting vAngioplasty vProspective study vIntracoronary stent v急性心肌梗死 v冠状动脉主支架术 v血管成形术 v前瞻性研究 v冠状动脉内支架 Abbreviations vAF vBP vCath vCCU vCHD vCHF vCVP vDVT vHDL vLDL Abbreviations vAF：atrial fibrillation vBP: blood pressure vCath: catheterization vCCU: coronary care unit vCHD: coronary heart disease vCHF: congestive heart failure Abbreviations vCVP: central venous pressure vDVT: deep venous thrombosis vHDL: high-density lipoprotein vLDL: low-density lipoprotein The digestive system This system comprises all organs which have to do with taking in food and converting the useful parts of it into substances that the body cells can use .Examples of these organs are the mouth, the teeth ,and the alimentary tract. The digestive system 1、咽throat： v词根：pharyng(o)- v例词：pharyngitis咽炎 2、胃stomach： v词根：gastr(o)-,stomach(o)- v例词：gastritis胃炎；stomachache胃痛 The digestive system 3、肠intestine： v词根：enter（o）- v例词：enteritis肠炎 4、消化digestion： v词根：peps(o)-,-gest(o)- v例词：dyspepsia消化不良；digestion 消化 The digestive system 5、胆囊gallbladder： v词根：cholecyst(o)- v例词：cholecystitis胆囊炎； 6、肝liver: v词根：hepat(o)- v例词：hepatitis肝炎；hepatocyte肝细胞 The digestive system 7、阑尾appendix： v词根：appendic(o)- v例词：appendicular阑尾的； appendicitis阑尾炎 Practice vHypoplasia vLeft hepatic lobe vGallbladder v发育不全 v左肝叶 v胆囊 The urinary system Its main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. Its purpose is to filter out and rid of the body of certain waste products taken by the blood from the cells. The urinary system 1、尿urine: 词根：urin(o)-,ur(o)- 例词：urine尿；hematuria血尿 2、肾kidney： 词根：ren(o)-,nephr(o)- 例词：suprarenal肾上的；nephritis肾炎 3、输尿管ureter: 词根：ureter(o)- 例词：ureteric输尿管的； The urinary system 4、膀胱bladder 词根：vesic(o)-,cyst(o)- 例词：vesical膀胱的；cystitis膀胱炎 The urinary system 5、前列腺prostate： 词根：prostat(o)- 例词：prostatic前列腺的；prostatitis前列腺炎 Practice vTransitional cell carcinoma vChronic renal failure vInvasive bladder cancer vRenal pelvic tumor v移行细胞癌 v慢性肾衰 v侵袭性膀胱癌 v肾盂肿瘤 Abbreviations vADH vARF vCRF vIVP vUA vUTI vcysto Abbreviations vADH: antidiuretic hormone vARF: acute renal failure vCRF: chronic renal failure vIVP: intravenous pyelogram vUA: urinalysis vUTI: urinary tract infection vcysto: cystoscopic examination The endocrine system vA few scattered organs know as endocrine glands produce special substances called hormones, which regulates such body functions as growth, food utilization within the cells ,and reproduction. The endocrine system 1、分泌secretion： v词根：crin(o)-,secret(o)- v例词：endocrine内分泌；secretive分泌的 2、腺gland: v词根：aden(o)- v例词：adenoma腺瘤； 3、下丘脑hypothalamus： v词根：hypothalam(o)- v例词：hypothalamus下丘脑； hypothalamic下丘脑的 The endocrine system 4、垂体pituitary： v词根：pitui- v例词：pituitary垂体； 5、甲状腺thyroid： v词根：thyr(o)- v例词：thyroiditis甲状腺炎 The endocrine system 6、钙calcium： v词根：calc(i)- v例词：calcification钙化 7、皮质cortex： v词根：cortic(o)- v例词：corticosteroid皮质类固醇 The endocrine system 8、胸腺thymus： v词根：thym(o)- v例词：thymosin胸腺素； thymocyte胸腺细胞 9、葡萄糖glucose： v词根：gluc(o)- v例词：glucocorticoids糖皮质激素 Practice vPerturbation vCortisol vEstrogen vGrowth hormone vthyroid v紊乱 v皮质醇 v雌激素 v生长激素 v甲状腺的 Abbreviations vBMR vGTT vHGH vFBS vTFT Abbreviations vBMR: basal metabolic rate vGTT: glucose tolerance test vHGH: human growth hormone vFBS: fasting blood sugar vTFT: thyroid function test The nervous system vThe brain ,the spinal cord and the nerves all make up this very complex system by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated. The organs of special sense, sometimes classed as a separate sensory system, together with the sense of touch ,receive stimuli from the outside world, which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain determines to a great extent the bodys responses to messages from without and within ,and in it occur such higher functions as memory and reasoning. 1、脑brain： v词根：encephal(o)- v例词：encephalitis脑炎； 2、大脑cerebrum： v词根：cerebr(o)- v例词：cerebrovascular脑血管的 The nervous system 3、丘脑thalamus： v词根：thalam(o)- v例词：epithalamus上丘脑；subthalamus底丘脑 4、髓质marrow： v词根：medull(o)- v例词：medullary髓质的 The nervous system The nervous system 5、脑膜、脊膜membrane： v词根：mening(o)- v例词：meningitis脑膜炎 6、脑室ventricle： v词根：ventricul(o)- v例词：intraventricular脑室内的 The nervous system 7、脊柱spine： v词根：spin(o)- v例词：spinal脊柱的；cerebrospinal脑脊的 8、运动motor： v词根：-kinesia v例词：bradykinesia运动迟缓； hyperkinesia运动过多 The nervous system 9、迷走vagus： v词根：vag(o)- v例词：vagal迷走的； 10、精神、意志mind： v词根：psych(o)- v例词：psychotic精神的；psychiatry精神病学 11、神经nerve： v词根：neur(o)- v例词：neuroscience神经科学； neurology神经病学 The nervous system 12、交感神经sympathetic nerve： v词根：sympath(o)- v例词：sympathoblast成交感神经细胞 13、观念，理想idea: v词根：ide(o)- v例词：ideal观念的；idealism理想主义 Practice vEncephalitis vSignal intensity vUpper pons vBrainstem vMagnetic resonance v脑炎 v信号强度 v上桥脑 v脑干 v磁共振 Abbreviations vCSF vCNS vCVA vICP vLP Abbreviations vCSF: cerebrospinal fluid vCNS: central nervous system vCVA: cerebrovascular accident vICP: intracranial pressure vLP: lumbar puncture The integumentary system vThe word “integument” means “skin”. The skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system. It includes the hair, nails ,sweat and oil gland ,and other related structures . 1、眼eye: v词根：ocul(o)-; v例词：oculomotor动眼的； The integumentary system Sense organs The integumentary system 2、角膜cornea： v词根：corne(o)-;kerat(o)- v例词：corneal角膜的；keratitis角膜炎 3、结膜conjunctiva: v词根：conjunctiv(o)- v例词：conjunctival结膜的 The integumentary system 4、皮肤skin： v词根：cut(i)-;derm(o)-;dermat(o)- v例词：subcutaneous皮下的；dermatitis皮炎 The integumentary system 5、耳ear： v词根：auri-;auricul(o)-;ot(o)- v例词：auricula耳廓；auris耳； 6、感觉sensation: v词根：sens(o)-; v例词：sensory感觉的； The integumentary system 7、视觉、视力vision： v词根：-opia v例词：diplopia复视；myopia近视 The integumentary system 8、瞳孔pupil: v词根：pupill(o)- v例词：pupillometer瞳孔计； 9、听觉、听力hearing： v词根：audi(o)-; v例词：audiology听力学 The integumentary system Sense organs 10、嗅觉、嗅smell： v词根：olfact(o)-;-osm(o)- v例词：olfactory嗅觉的 11、味觉taste： v词根：gust(o)-; v例词：gustation味觉 Practice vPupil vIntracutaneous vMyopia vRhinitis v瞳孔 v皮内的 v近视 v鼻炎 Abbreviations vIOP vOD vOS vOU vVA vVF Abbreviations vIOP: intraocular pressure vOD: right eye vOS: left eye vOU: each eye vVA: visual acuity vVF: visual field The skeletal and muscular system vThe basic framework of the body is a system of over 200 bones with their joints. Collectively know as the skeleton. vBody movements are due to the action of the muscles which are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the heart. 1、肌肉muscle： v词根：muscul(o)-;my(o)- 例词：myoglobin肌红蛋白 2、骨bone： v词根：os-;osse(o)-;oste(o) v例词：ossicles小骨；ossification成骨； The skeletal and muscular system 3、韧带ligament： v词根：ligament(o)-;syndesm(o)- v例词：ligamentous韧带的 The skeletal and muscular system 4、骨骼skeleton： v词根：skelet(o)- v例词：skeletal骨骼的 5、颅骨skull： v词根：crani(o)- v例词：craniofacial颅面的；craniometer颅骨量器 The skeletal and muscular system 4、盘disk： v词根：disc(o)- v例词：discitis关节盘炎 The skeletal and muscular system 5、肋骨rib： v词根：costa;cost(o)- v例词：intercostals肋间的； The skeletal and muscular system 6、关节joint： v词根：arthr(o)- v例词：arthritis关节炎； arthrodesis关节固定术 The skeletal and muscular syste