高中语法 句子讲解课件 新人教版

一、要弄清楚英语句子的结构，我们先要 弄清楚组成一个句子的各个组成部分，即 句子的成分： 主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同 位语的概念。 二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有 以下三种类型： 1、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一 个谓语动词如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning 2、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个 或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late , so we must hurry. 3、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以 上的从句。如：If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我 们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通 过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。因此 ，只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型 ，我们就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用 的连词来分析复杂的句子。 英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看 ，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可 以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句 子的基本结构可以归纳成三种最基本的句型及 其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。 简单句的三种基本句型如下： 句型一： be句型,即 + + （主系表） 句型二： there be句型,即there be +主语+其它 句型三：do句型,即 + （主谓）+其它 1.那本书在桌子上 2. 晚饭闻起来很可口 3.他的脸变红了 4.这是一本英语字典 5. 他很高/出去了 6.他看起来很开心 7.读书很重要 8.眼见为实 9.富人并不总是很快乐 10.他所说的听起来很有道理 11.他的演讲很令人兴奋 12.那个学生是美国人 13.它是你的 14.他的工作是本周教我们 15.时间到 16.他从来也没出过国是事实 1.那本书在桌子上 That book is on the desk 2. 晚饭闻起来很可口 The dinner smells good 3.他的脸变红了 His face turned red 4.这是一本英语字典 This is an English dictionary 5. 他很高/出去了 He is tall /out 6.他看起来很开心 He looks happy 7.读书很重要 Reading is very important 8.眼见为实 Seeing is believing/ To see is to believe 9.富人并不总是很快乐 The rich are not always happy 10.他所说的听起来很有道理 What he said sounds reasonable 11.他的演讲很令人兴奋 His speech is exciting 12.那个学生是美国人 That student is an American. 13.它是你的 It is yours 14.他的工作是本周教我们 His job is to teach us this week. 15.时间到 Time is up. 16.他从来也没出过国是事实 The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （是系动词动词 ）(表语语) 1.That book 2.The dinner 3.His face 4. This 5. He 6. He 7. Reading 8. Seeing/To see 9. The rich 10.What he said 11.His speech 12.That student 13.It 14.His job 15.Time 16.The truth is smells(闻闻) turned is is looks is is are not sounds is is is is is is on the desk good red an English dictionary. tall/out happy very important believing/ to believe always happy reasonable exciting an American yours to teach us this week up that he has never been abroad 句型 一 be句型 + + + +（主系表）（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语 动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个 表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能 表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。最常 用的系动词为be, 本身没有什么意义,只起连系 主语和表语的作用。其次为 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等感官类，表示情况及 get, grow, become, turn, 等一类，表示变化 。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义:stay, prove, remain, seem， appear，keep，turn out。 主语: 主语是是一个句子所要说明的人和事物，是 一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。 但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是 疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、 助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、 代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的 形容词和主语从句等表示。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） 2008 was the year when the 29th Olympic Games were held in China.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定 式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词 ） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态， 它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。如 That sounds a good idea中的a good idea.表语 一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、V- ing,不定式、介词短语、表地点或方位的 副词及表语从句表示。 Tom is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动 名词） iThe machine is out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 定语： 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。作定语的有：名 词、形容词、数词、介词短语、不定式、V-ing和定语从句，若 是词则作前置定语，若是短语或定语从句则只能作后置定语。 如the polluted river中的polluted和the river polluted by chemicals中的polluted by chemicals Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定 式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名 词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短 语） 1.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he he has little time for his friends. 2. He is a successful manager in a company that sends mail all over the world. 3. English is a language spoken all around the world. 4. The climate of the British Isles is mild 5.The man with glasses standing near the car is a crosstalk artist. 6 .The old lady talking to the children is a famous musician. 7. The two comedians performing on the stage are from liaoning Province. 8. The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important. 9. The man invited to the party is my father. 10.The number of people who learn English as a foreign language is more than 750 million. 11.The idea that our team won the game is true. 12.What made the school proud was that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities There is a clock on the table. There is a baby crying in the next door. There lived a king called Lear. There goes the bell! There used to be a village at the foot of the mountain. There is certain to be a heavy rain tonight. There seems to be some misunderstanding. 基本句型三 There be句型 1.There are still people who also speak the older European language. 2.There are six spoken languages that are considered to be native to the British Isles. 3.There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English. 4.There are two pairs of knifves on the table. 基本句型 三 do句型 此句型句子的谓语是一个具有实际意义的动词， 但不同的动词又有各自不同的用法。我们又可 根据动词的不同用法，归纳出以下句型： + +i i（主谓）（主谓） + + + +（主谓宾）（主谓宾） + + + + + +（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补） + + +IO +IO +（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾） 及物动词后面直接加宾语，不及物动词后是 不能直接加宾语，但有些不及物动词后面 加介词或副词之后就可以加宾语了（例如 ：look 是典型的不及物动词，后面是不 能接宾语的，但是如果加上适当的介词就 可以跟宾语如look at the blackboard 、 look for the child 、look after his mother等等）。 +i或vi短语（主谓） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的 谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟 副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The sun rises in the east. The Opium War broke out in 1839 1.太阳从东方升起 2. 她昨天晚上回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨 大的变化 5.这个盒子重五公斤 1.太阳从东方升起 The sun rises in the east。 2. 她昨天晚上回家很晚。 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3.那天早上我们谈了很多 That morning we talked a great deal. 4.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变 化 Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 5.这个盒子重五公斤 This box weighs five kilos. 1.The sun rises in the east。 2.She went home very late yesterday evening 3.That morning we talked a great deal 4.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years 5.This box weighs five kilos. 谓语： 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动 词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成 如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practises running every morning.他每天早晨 练习跑步。 Yesterday afternoon he reached Guilin.昨天下午 他到了桂林。 She takes good care of her sick mother.她仔细 照料她那生病的母亲。 He got rid of his bad habit.他已经改掉了他的坏 习惯。 2复合谓语 （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成 You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借 两周。 Youd better not take the magazine out of the reading- room. 你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。 He has caught a bad cold. He has to go to see a doctor. 他患了重感冒。他必须去看医生。 She doesnt seem to like dancing.她似乎不喜欢跳舞。 We are going to call on him tonight.我们打算今晚去拜 访他。 （2）由系动词加表语构成 We are students.我们是学生。 He looked a bit excited.他看上去有点激动。 状语： 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作 或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可用作状语 的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。 Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语 ） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词 短语） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句 ） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（ 方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状 语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结 果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） + +t t或短语或短语 + +（主谓宾）（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓 语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生 的动作，但不能表达完整的意思， 必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受 者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫 做及物动词。 1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 这本书他已经读过多次了。 4. 他们已经成功地完成了计划。 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6. 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 7. 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8. Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10. 他不知道说什麽好。 1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 I wrote a letter last night. 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3. 这本书他已经读过多次了。 He has read this book many times. 4. 他们已经成功地完成了计划。 They have carried out the plan successfully. 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6. 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 7. 我昨天收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia yesterday 8. Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 Jim cannot dress himself. 9. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 10. 他不知道说什麽好。 He did not know what to say. 1. I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon 3.He has read this book many times 4.They have carried out the plan successfully 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia yesterday 8.Jim cannot dress himself 9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy 10.He did not know what to say. 宾语： 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和 介词后面。 They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（ 名词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（ 数词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 需要注意的是：动词后面接名词或代词作 宾语对所有及物动词都行得通的，但并不 是所有的及物动词后面都可以接动词不定 式或动名词。这里有三种情况：其一、有 些动词后面只可以接动词不定式，其二、 有些动词后面只可以接动名词，其三、有 些动词两者都可以接 注意（1）只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有 Avoid、 miss 、postpone/put off 、suggest 、 finish、practise、 enjoy、 imagine 、cant help admit、 deny 、envy、 escape、 risk 、 excuse、 stand(忍受)、keep 、mind、led to、 consider（考虑）appreciate 、stick to/persit in/insist on/ 、object to、 be busy doing、 look forward to 、keep on 、pay attention to、 adapt to、 be used to 、get down to 、set about 、be worth、 feel like、 give up 、 succeed in、 be fond of 、 have troube in、 stop/keep/prevent from doing、 key （关键） to 注意（2）只接不定式做宾语的动词及短语有 seem refuse promise fail decide/determine plan pretend offer manage want hope/wish attempt seek afford volunteer demand choose expect Eg. I failed to understand you.( I didnt understand you) 注意（3）既可接不定式又可接动名词做宾语 （意义不同）的动词及短语有 Forget /remember/ try/ mean/regret / stop/ go on/cant help/(want/need/require) 1.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: -Well, now I regret_ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 2. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.(97 上海12) A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned + + + + + +（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是 ：动词虽然是及物动词，但是 只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整 的意思，必须加上一个补充成 分来补足宾语，才能使意思完 整。 1.我们叫她Alice 2. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的 3. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 4. 他请我们参加做游戏。 5. 我要你把真相告诉我 6. 明天我要找人来修理机器。 7. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语 8.你让我等了三个钟头 9. 他每个月理一次发。 10. 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 11.我看到一个贼正在偷东西 12.她的妈妈让她待在房间里 1.我们叫她Alice. We call her Alice. 2. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 All of us considered him honest 3. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 We will make our school more beautiful 4. 他请我们参加做游戏。 He asked us to join in the game 5. 我要你把真相告诉我 I want you to tell me the truth 6. 明天我要找人来修理机器。 Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine 7. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 Every morning we hear him read English aloud 8.你让我等了三个钟头 You kept me waiting for three hours. 9. 他每个月理一次发。 He has his hair cut once a month 10. 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 Ill get my recorder mended 11.(我看到一个贼正在偷东西) I saw a thief stealing something. 12.(她的妈妈让她待在房间里) Her mother kept her in the room . 1.We call her Alice. 2.All of us considered him honest 3.We will make our school more beautiful 4.He asked us to join in the game 5. want you to tell me the truth 6.Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine 7.Every morning we hear him read English aloud 8.You kept me waiting for three hours 9. I saw a thief stealing something 10.He has his hair cut once a month 11.Ill get my recorder mended 12.Her mother kept her in the room . 宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语 以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子 的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有： make(使)，consider(认为)，see（看见） ，find(发现)，call(称为，叫做)，get(让， 使得)，have(让，使得)，let(让)等。 宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、 分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（ 介词短语） We take English as a useful tool for research work.（as引出宾语补足语 ） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） ask force beg teach get want wish allow forbid advise order sb to do tell warn remind persuade expect encourage Order Invite teach See watch hear find Have get make sb/sth done keep leave See watch look at notice Observe listen to hear Leave have set get sb /sth doing Feel find catch + + +IO +IO +（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语 动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意 思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者 ，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连 接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承 受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ 10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 Mr. Johnson taught us German last year 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 Grandma told me an interesting story last night 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 He showed the ticket to the conductor 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 This term I have written three letters to my parents 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 My father has bought me a new bike 8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy 10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi? （及 物） IO（多 指人） O（多指物） 1. She 2. She 3. He 8.