环境工程专业 外文翻译啤酒废水处理

英文原文Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor systemAbstract: During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor (FCR) system, sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment. With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism, predation,interaction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment, residual sludge could be reduced effectively. The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was 92.6% and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 8.14%, with the COD of the influent at 9601720 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h.Since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment, no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this system.Keywords hydrolyzation, multilevel oxidation, excesssludge, reduction1. IntroductionDuring the 1980s, the main brewery wastewater treatment locally and abroad was the aerobic technique, then the hydrolytic-aerobic techniques showed up in the late 1980s. Currently, the main technology for brewery wastewater treatment are the activated sludge process, contact oxidation process, and hydrolytic-aerobic techniques. Although these techniques have some advantages of their own, they all have a problem with sludge disposal 1. The sludge production is about 60% of the chemical oxygendemand (COD) removal amount for conventional activated sludge technology, and about 30% for conventional biofilm method 2. The cost of sludge disposal had become an economic burden of the sewage plant. The sludge produced may bring about secondary pollution.Therefore, the study on water treatment processes that can lead to sludge reduction is becoming one of the important issues in sewage treatment. This study adopted principles of cleaner production. With the hydrolyzation-acidification in anaerobic segments, residual sludge could be translated into soluble organicmatter and small organic molecules, then enter the aerobic segment as organic load. A series contact oxidation system for food chain reactor (FCR) was applied in the aerobic segment to form amanual biogeocenose and food chain. Based on biological theory, the longer the food chain is, the more energy lost, and thus less energy that can be used for growth of the organisms, and less biomass left in the ecosystem as a result. Therefore, prolonging the food chain and strengthening the predation of microzoans in the food chain are both effective in sludge reduction. Zero Discharge of residual sludge was achieved during the brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-FCR system. This study explored the mechanism of sludge reduction during the hydrolyzation process and multilevel oxidation process。2 Material and methods2.1 Characteristics of wastewaterThe experimental water is a man-made simulant brewery wastewater, which contains bottled beer, NH4Cl, KH2PO4,MgSO4, and CaCl2. The biodegradability index, the ratio of concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days (BOD5) and COD, is about 0.40.5. Table 1 shows the main water quality properties.2.2 Experimental apparatus and experimental flow The experimental apparatus was a hybrid biological reactor (Shanghai Best Environmental Technology Corporation, Shanghai, China) as shown in Fig. 1. The aerobic sect of FCR was divided into four parts along the treatment process and their efficient volumes were w 0.12, 0.09, 0.09, and 0.06 m3, respectively (the ater is 0.97 mdeep). Sewage was poured into the reactor, then flowed into each tank, with the function of gravitational action and a rotameter adjusting the flow. Volumetric ratio of the hydrolyzation segment and multilevel oxidation segment was 0.8:1. Sewage was treated during the hydrolyzation segment and all tanks of the multilevel oxidation segment, then flowed into a sedimentation tank where sludge and water were separated. The excessive sludge was discharged regularly, and recycled into the hydrolyzation-acidification segment. At the bottom of the multilevel oxidation segment was an aeration device. Fig. 1 Diagram of the experimental device1. high-positioned flume, 2. volume-constant flume, 3. hydrolyzation tank, 4. multilevel oxidation FCR system, 5. fillers, 6. baffle, 7.entering-water pipe for sedimentation tank, 8. sedimentation tank, 9. outlet pipe, 10. discharge pipe, 11. aeration device, 12. rotameter,13. ride, 14. aeration diffuse2.3 Operation parametersDuring the two-month experimental duration, the room temperature was in the range of 1427uC. The total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of this system was 12 h,and the HRT of the hydrolyzation segment was 5.5 h.Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were 26 mg/L.2.4 Analysis methodsThe indicators of source water were measured according to monitoring and analytical methods of water and wastewater3.3 Experimental results and discussion3.1 Removal effect of CODFigure 2 shows the COD removal effect of the hydrolyzation-FCR system during the steady running time period When the concentrations of COD in the influent were 9601720 mg/L, and HRT was 12 h, the removal ratioof COD was above 90%, and the concentration of COD in the effluent was 4595 mg/L. The water quality of the effluent met the first class of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard 4.Fig. 2 COD removal efficiency during the continuous running time period3.2 Sludge removal effectSludge produced by this system was recycled to the hydrolyzation segment where it was hydrolyzed and translated into organic load and poured into the multilevel oxidation segment. This part of the organic matter was mostly released as energy except for a relatively small portiontranslated into organism. In a real operation, there might be negative growth of sludge in the hydrolyzation segment since the microbe of which needs lots of energy as well. As a result, the recycled sludge could be a supply for the hydrolyzation segment. Theoretically, Zero Dischargeof residual sludge could be achieved and the experimental results have verified this point. The sludge production of the FCR system was continuously investigated during the two-month steady running period, and the relationship between total sludge production and total COD removal amount was analyzed. Figure 3 shows that the ratio of sludge production was 6%10%, and the average sludge production was 8.15%, which is about 15% of conventional activated sludge technology and 25% of conventional biofilm method. The results show that the FCR system has great effect on sludge reduction.Fig. 3 Sludge production of the multilevel oxidation segment during the steady running time period4 Mechanism analysisThe biological function of the carrier and the running mode of multilevel oxidation FCR made the concentration of the sewage gradient alone with current, which formed three different zones in the tank: polysaprobic, mesosaprobic, and oligosaprobic zones. Each zone has a different microorganism community (from the basic to advanced), which formed a relatively integrated ecological structure and a food chain as bacteria-protozoa-metazoa-daphnia. By the analysis of the FCR system, much more microbes in different kinds and quality were found than the conventional aerobic process. As a result, the food chain in this system was more complicated than other processes. Figure 4 shows the compositions of the food chain of the FCR system. Based on biological theory, the food chain is getting longer and more complex, the relationship between microbes in the food chain is more complex. Through the process of antagonist, predation, interaction and symbiosisamong microbes, the microbe system is balanced, and none of the specific population could over-develop 8,9. Higher trophic degree of the predator,more energy consumed, and less energy that can be used for the growth of organisms 1012. With the effect of all these factors, the ecosystem could maintain a relatively stable term. As a result, less sludge would be produced in practice.Fig. 4 Compositions of the food chain of the FCR system5 Conclusions(1) When the concentrations of COD in the influent were 12001800 mg/L, HRT was 12 h, and average COD removal ratio was 92.6%. Zero Discharge of residual sludge was achieved during the steady time running for this system, since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed to the anaerobic segment. Without sludge disposal equipment added, this method could have both economic and environmental profit in practice.(2) The process of multilevel oxidation FCR could form a microbe ecosystem just like the natural microbe ecosystem, and a fully developed food chain. Through the processes of antagonism, predation, interaction, and symbiosis among microbes, sludge was effectively reduced. During the steady running of multilevel oxidation FCR, the average sludge production of the FCR system was 8.15%.1 Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China2 Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaReferences1. Chen Y P, Fu Y S, Li X M, et al. Characters and treatment of brewery wastewater. Pollution Control Technology, 2003,16(4): 148151 (in Chinese)2. Andreottola G, Foladori P, et al. A review and assessment of emerging technologies for the minimization of excess sludge production in wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science & Health, 2006, 41(9): 185318723. State Environmental Protection of China. Analysis Water and Wastewater. 4th ed.Beijing: Chinese Environmental Science Press, 2002, 88223 (in Chinese)4. State Quality and Technique Supervision Bureau. Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 89782002). 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Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007, 39(7): 1703171110. Ratsak C H, Verkuijlen J. Sludge reduction by predatory activity of aquatic oligochaetes in wastewater treatment plants. Hydrobiologia, 564(1): 19721111. Liang P, Huang X, Qian Y, et al. Determination and comparison of sludge reduction rates caused by microfaunas predation. Bioresource Technology, 2006(97): 85486112. Saktaywin W, Tsuno H, Nagare H, et al. Advanced sewage treatment process with excess sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery. Water Research, 2005, 39(5): 902910 通过水解食物链反应系统减少啤酒废水处理中的污泥量摘要 在用FCR系统处理啤酒废水时，污泥在厌氧段被回收。通过厌氧段和好氧段微生物的作用，再加上多级氧化阶段，可以有效的减少剩余污泥。 6个月的动态实验表明，COD进水在960 - 1720 mg / L和水力停留时间（HRT）为12小时时，平均化学耗氧量（COD）去除率为92.6，好氧部分平均污泥生产的是8.14。由于生产的污泥可以循环在厌氧段再水解，而无剩余污泥的产生。这个系统可以稳定的运行。关键词 水解 多级氧化 剩余污泥 减少1简介 在20世纪80年代，主要的啤酒废水处理技术是好氧技术，在20世纪晚80年代水解好氧技术出现了。目前，啤酒厂的废物水处理的主要技术为是活性污泥法，接触氧化法，水解好氧技术。虽然这些技术有其自己的一定优势，他们都有一个与污泥处置问题。污泥产量约60的化学需氧量（COD）去除量是常规活性污泥法，约30的常规生物膜法。污泥处理的成本已成为该污水处理厂的经济负担。该污泥产生可能带来的二次污染。因此，对水处理工艺的研究可导致污泥减量成为一个污水处理的重要问题。本研究通过了清洁生产的原则，分析通过厌氧段的水解酸化是剩余污泥转化为可溶解的小分子。让后让其进入好氧反应阶段。于是FCR系统被应用于生物处理系统。基于生物理论，时间越长，食物链越长，越损失能量，从而可减少能源使用的增长的有机体，并作为一个生态系统的生物量在减少的结果。所以延长食物链，稳固食物链关系，可以有效地减少污泥量。 FCR系统可以在啤酒废水的处理中实现活性污泥的零排放。本文章着力于研究在厌氧和多级好氧过程中减少活性污泥的方法。2材料和方法 2.1污水特性。实验水是一种人造模拟啤酒厂废水，其中载有瓶装啤酒，氯化铵，磷酸二氢钾，硫酸镁和氯化钙。其生物降解性指数，BOD和COD浓度氧气的比例约是0.4-0.5。表1显示了主要的水质特性。 2.2实验仪器和实验流程。实验装置是一个复合式生物反应器如图所示。 FCR的有氧处理分为四个部分，他们的有效容积分别为，0.12,0.09,0.09,0.06立方米。污水倒进了反应器,然后流入每个部分,在重力作用下通过流量计调节流量。多层次的氧化部分水解段体积比是0.8:1。污水在水解段和所有的反应器的多级氧化部分被处理,然后流入二沉池将污泥和水分离。过多的污泥被定期的回收进入水解氧化处理阶段。在多层次的氧化部分的底部是一个曝气装置。 图1实验装置2.3操作参数在长达两个月的试验期间,房间温度范围的14-27总水力停留时间为12个小时,水解反应是5.5小时。主反应区溶解氧浓度是2-6毫克/升。2.4分析方法通过检测原水和废水，以及处理水获得数据。3实验结果与讨论3.1去除COD的影响图2显示了在运行平稳时期.当进水COD浓度960-1720毫克/ L时，水力停留为12 h时，COD的去除率为90以上，而污水中COD浓度为45-95毫克/升，出水水质达到了污水综合排放第一类标准 图2，COD 去除率随时间的变化曲线3.2污泥去除效果该系统由水解部分回收系统中产生的污泥并将其转化成有机负荷然后让其进入多级氧化阶段。在此过程中绝大部分有机物释放了能量除了一小部分转化成了微生物有机体。在水解工程中有可能因为微生物需要大量能量而产生负增长。同时回收的污泥可以进入水解部分。从理论上说,“零排放”剩余污泥可达到，实验结果证实了这一点。在两个月的稳定运行过程中，系统产生的污泥被连续的记录。同时记录了活性污泥和COD去除之间的关系。图三显示污泥产生率是6%10%平均为8.14%。15%的污泥来自于传统活性污泥法，25%污泥来自传统生物膜法。结果显示FCR系统对污泥量的减少具有显著作用。 图3 稳定运行中多级氧化处理段的活性污泥产生量4. 机理分析在生物作用下，不同的细菌和运行方式在多级氧化处理阶段产生3个不同的区域。重污染区，中污染区，轻污染区. 每个区域都有不同的微生物系统（从低级到高级）由，由细菌，原生动物，后生动物等组成了一个完整的生物链。通过分析系统、多种微生物在不同种类和质量都比传统的有氧运动过程中发现的优秀。因此,在这个系统是食物链比其它进程更加复杂。图4显示了在FCR系统中微生物食物链的组成。根据生物学理论，食物链越长，微生物越多，微生物之间的关系也越复杂，通过共生，竞争，捕食等相互作用微生物群落达到稳定，不会有一种微生物过度生长。营养程度较高的捕食者消耗的能量也更多，因此只有较少的能量被用于微生物增长。通过这些现象微生物可以维持在一个较好的生存状态，同时只有很少的污泥被生产出来。 图4 微生物的组成系统5结论（1） 当COD的浓度进水为1200-1800mg/ L时，水力停留时间为12 h，平均COD的去除率为92.6%。 零排放的剩余污泥是在这个系统的稳定运行时间可以实现，因为所生产的污泥可以在厌氧段循环再水解。无污泥处理设备的增加,这个方法可能在经济和环境上获得双重效益。（2） 在多级氧化系统中可以形成类似自然界的微生物系统和先进的食物链。通过微生物间的捕食，共生，竞争等关系有效地减少了污泥量。在稳定运行中的多级氧化FCR系统平均的污泥产生量仅为8.15% 作者：1环境工程学院，北京科技大学北京100083，中国，2环境科学与工程系，哈尔滨工业大学，哈尔滨150090，中国参考文献1. Chen Y P, Fu Y S, Li X M, et al. Characters and treatment of brewery wastewater. Pollution Control Technology, 2003,16(4): 148151 (in Chinese)2. Andreottola G, Foladori P, et al. A review and assessment of emerging technologies for the minimization of excess sludge production in wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science & Health, 2006, 41(9): 185318723. State Environmental Protection of China. Analysis Water and Wastewater. 4th ed.Beijing: Chinese Environmental Science Press, 2002, 88223 (in Chinese)4. State Quality and Techniq