土木工程毕业设计中英翻译2.doc

土木工程英语翻译denver art museum 的结构部分土木工程是一个庞大的学科，它涉及到人们的生活的各个方面。在人们日常的衣食住行中，住也就是建筑，占据着重要的地位。建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程，它伴随着科学的发展而发展，人们对居住环境越来越舒适的要求，又促使了相关科学的发展。力学理论，混凝土的发现，材料科学的出现等，都推动了建筑的发展。一座建筑，是由诸如基础，墙体，梁柱等许多单体一起构成的，了解了这些单体，才能了解整个建筑。科技在不断发展进步，土木工程也将随之前进，它的明天一定会更加灿烂。一开始，阿拉普的工程师们决定结构形式应该反映出建筑形式，但是这个建筑的几何复杂性（包括它的斜屋顶和墙体）使得除了电梯间外它几乎没有为真正意义上垂直的墙体或柱子留出空间。此外，它需要一个用于保护艺术品的被严格控制的环境系统。而且，那个系统应该是一个具有从高度机械化的房间到图表的不同分区的特殊管道系统。就像这个结构体系一样，它是不能套用典型的横平竖直的模式的。结果，这个结构被加上水平荷载。而它的强度将会超过那些大概只有在曾发生过高强度地震的地区才能见到的建筑。为了满足建筑复杂的要求，阿拉普通过使用钢板加强组合楼板优化了结构体系。工程师们采用与轮船设计类似的方法把外墙连接在一起，这样它们就会很坚固而不至于掉出来。工程师们设计了一个经典的楼板骨架体系。这个体系为外墙提供了拉力并且通过挡风系统把它转化为剪力。所有的水平荷载由支撑外墙的钢格来承载。一些附加的支撑穿过了内部结构。但是在典型的结构中，楼板系统不需要承受由外墙倾斜和自重引起的水平荷载。由于这里的带有角度的墙具有倾斜的趋势所以应该给它们加上支撑。这些支撑在完工后要被拆除，之后这些墙都应该达到它们的正确倾斜形式。为了达到这个目的人们设置了50个支撑。关键在于用哪种几何形式才能使得结构在自重的作用下它能够达到设计的建筑几何形式。在我们做大量的结构分析工作之后我们才能让承包商去建造正确的拱。这样他们全都会去做零高程基准工作了。否则，它可能已经成为了一座以翘曲和弯曲为特征的建筑了。from the start, the arup engineers decided that the structural form would need to mirror the architectural form, but the geometric complexity of the buildingincluding its sloped ceilings and wallsleft room for few truly vertical walls or columns, the exception being the elevator core. moreover, a tightly controlled environmental system to protect the works of art was required, and that system would have special ductwork for various zones that would run from centralized mechanical rooms to the galleries. like the structural system, the ductwork could not follow typical vertical and horizontal paths.as a result, lateral loads are imposed on the structure that would exceed those potentially seen in regions that experience high levels of seismic activity, even though denver is not located in a zone of high seismic activity. by reinforcing the composite concrete floor slab with structural steel plates, arup optimized the structural system to meet the buildings complex requirements. the engineers approached the design as one might approach the design of a ship, the idea being to pull together the exterior walls so they would be stable and not fall outward.the engineers designed a “typical” floor framing system to provide tension ties to the exterior walls and to transfer shear forces from the wind-resisting system. all lateral loads are resisted by latticelike steel bracing on the exterior walls; some additional bracing runs through the interior. but in a typical structure, floor systems do not need to support lateral loads generated by the inclination of the exterior walls in addition to gravity loads. here the angled walls would tend to deflect during construction and so would have to be shored. the shorings would be removed after construction, and the structure would then have to deflect into its correct form. some 50 shorings were set in place for this purpose. the challenge was to determine which geometry to use so that when the gravity loads were imposed on the structure it would deflect to the desired architectural geometry. it took a great deal of structural analysis work on our part so that we would be able to tell the contractor