高考英语二轮复习 专题一 语法知识 第三讲 非谓语动词

我带领班子成员及全体职工，积极参加县委、政府和农牧局组织的政治理论学习，同时认真学习业务知识，全面提高了自身素质，增强职工工作积极性，杜绝了纪律松散第三讲非谓语动词考点1非谓语动词作状语1The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，_ more patients to be treated.(2017天津，14)Abeing allowed BallowingChaving allowed Dallowed答案B解析考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意为：医院最近获得了新医疗设备，从而使更多的病人能够得到治疗。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，故选B项。2Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ their valuable time.(2017北京，27)Asave Bsaving Cto save Dsaved答案C解析考查不定式作目的状语。句意为：现在许多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机牌以节约他们的宝贵时间。不定式短语to save their valuable time在句中作目的状语。3_ over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.(2016北京，28)AOrdering BTo order CHaving ordered DOrdered答案D解析考查非谓语动词作原因状语。句意为：那些书一周前已经预定了，现在有望随时到货。 order与其逻辑主语the books之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故选D。4Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way _ the sun and the stars.(2015重庆，11)Aused Bhaving usedCusing Duse答案C解析考查非谓语动词作方式状语。句意为：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.-ing形式的一般式，在句中作方式状语，相当于by using the sun and the stars的省略。5_ for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.(2015天津，8)ATo work BWorkedCTo be working DHaving worked答案D解析考查非谓语动词作时间状语。句意为：工作了两天后，史蒂夫设法准时完成了报告。句子主语Steve与动词work之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词形式；同时work的动作发生在谓语动词managed to finish之前，故要用完成时。考点归纳1分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因)Having finished his speech，he answered our questions.做完演讲后，他回答了我们的问题。Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)2某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词有：lost (迷路的)，seated (坐)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)，tired of (感到厌倦)，faced with (面对)等。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy.穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩。3不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。表原因时常用在表情感和态度的形容词后。如be happy/sorry/surprised/ashamed等；表目的时其前可加上in order或so as (so as to do一般不放在句首)；表结果时其前通常与only连用，往往表示出乎意料的结果。不定式的插入结构作状语，为固定短语结构。如：to be honest/to tell you the truth(老实说)，to be frank(说实话，坦率地说)，to begin with(首先)，to start with(首先)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to sum up(总之，概括地说)等。They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.发现屋子里空无一人，他们感到很惊讶。(表示原因)The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family.那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些零活。(表示目的)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。(表示结果)To be honest/To tell you the truth，I am a writer.跟你说实话吧，我是个作家。考点2非谓语动词作定语1The national park has a large collection of wildlife，_ from butterflies to elephants.(2017北京，30)Aranging BrangeCto range Dranged 答案A解析句意为：国家公园有一大批野生生物，从蝴蝶到大象都有。range from.to.从到(的范围)。a large collection of wildlife与range之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式作定语。2Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time _ with his students.(2017北京，32)Ato spend BspendCspending Dspent 答案D解析句意为：吉姆已经退休了，不过他仍然记得和学生们一起度过的快乐时光。the happy time与spend之间是被动关系，故此处用过去分词形式。3I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train _.(2017天津，10)Acatching BcaughtCto catch Dto be caught答案C解析句意为：整个会议期间，我一直在看时间，因为我要赶火车。结合句意可知，此处表示将要发生的动作，且catch与a train之间是动宾关系，故用动词不定式作定语，用主动形式表被动意义。考点归纳1分词作定语，表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。不定式作定语若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰。This is a problem discussed.这是一个已讨论了的问题。This is a problem being discussed.This is a problem which is being discussed.这是一个正在被讨论的问题。This is a problem to be discussed.This is a problem which is to be discussed.这是一个将要讨论的问题。He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。2动名词作定语表示用途，如running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。The swimmer ran to the side of the swimming pool and dived off.那游泳者奔到游泳池边，纵身跳下。考点3非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do_with students.(2016浙江，19)Aworking BworkCto work Dworked答案A解析考查现在分词作补足语。句意为：航海的乐趣与我现在和学生一起上课的乐趣一样多。题干中的do指代前面的have fun，have fun doing sth.做某事很开心，是固定搭配，故选A。2Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother _ good care of at home.(2015陕西，18)Ataking BtakenCtake Dbe taken答案B解析考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意为：李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构。此处his mother与take good care of之间是被动关系，故选B项。3He is thought _ foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.(2014江西，34)Ato act Bto have actedCacting Dhaving acted答案B解析考查非谓语动词作主补。sb.be thought to.某人被认为，是固定句式。句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。根据句意可知，他表现很糟糕是在丢掉工作之前，所以用不定式的完成式。故B项正确。考点归纳1非谓语动词(词组)作感官动词、使役动词的宾语补足语。When I passed the house，I saw him reading and didnt disturb him.当我经过他家的时候，我看到他正在读书就没有去打扰他。He had his wallet stolen at the station.他的钱包在火车站不幸遭窃。He got his brother to help him.他让他的兄弟帮助他。2下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to，它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”五看(look at，see，watch，notice，observe)；三使(make，let，have)；二听(listen to，hear)；一感觉(feel)。He was seen to get on the bus.有人看到他上了公共汽车。The girl was made to cry.女孩被惹哭了。3动词keep，leave，set，catch及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.对不起，让您久等了。We cant leave such an important matter unfinished.我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。I caught him smoking a cigarette.我碰到他正在抽烟。With a lot of work to do，he was not allowed to go out.由于有许多工作要做，他不被允许出去。考点4非谓语动词作宾语1After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on _ all the people who had helped in her career.(2015陕西，17)Ato thank BthankingChaving thanked Dto have thanked答案A解析句意为：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后，安妮本尼迪克特继续感谢所有曾经在她的事业中帮助过她的人。go on to do sth.继续做另一件事；go on doing sth.继续做同一件事。拿奖后又继续做另一件事，即“感谢所有帮助过她的人”，所以选A。2Its quite hot today.Do you feel like _ for a swim？(2014陕西，12)Ato go BgoingCgo Dhaving gone答案B解析句意为：今天很热。你想去游泳吗？feel like想要，后面接名词、代词或动名词。feel like doing sth.表示“想要做某事”。D项having gone表示动作已完成，不符合语境。3The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore，he can go shopping without _.(2014北京，35)Arecognizing Bbeing recognizedChaving recognized Dhaving been recognized答案B解析句意为：那位影星戴着墨镜，因此他可以在没人认出的情况下购物了。without为介词，后面接动名词形式；the film star与recognize之间存在被动关系，故用动名词的被动式，即“being done”结构。考点归纳非谓语动词作宾语的四种情况：1介词后常常接动名词形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前有实义动词do时，不定式就要省略to。2下列动词只能接不定式作宾语afford付得起agree同意apply申请 arrange 安排ask要求 choose决定decide决定 demand要求desire请求 determine决心expect期待 fail失败help帮助 hope希望 intend打算 manage设法offer主动提出 plan计划prepare准备 pretend假装promise答应 refuse拒绝want想要 wish 希望I want to have a talk with her.我想跟她谈谈。Our teacher decided to stay with us.老师决定留下来与我们在一起。My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。3下列动词或词组只能接动名词作宾语admit承认advise建议allow允许 appreciate感激avoid避免 bear忍受consider考虑 delay推迟deny否认 dislike不喜欢enjoy喜爱 escape逃脱fancy设想 finish完成forbid禁止 forgive原谅give up放弃 imagine想像keep保持 mention提及mind介意 miss没赶上permit允许 practise练习prevent 阻止 prohibit禁止put off 推迟 report报告risk冒险 resist抵抗suggest建议I advise waiting a few more days.我建议再等几天。He tried to escape being punished.他设法逃避惩罚。We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen.我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。I appreciate being given this opportunity.非常感谢给了我这个机会。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。4既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语的动词，但两者意思不同。meanforgetrememberregrettrygo onstopcant helpRemember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.临睡前记着关灯。I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.别忘了过一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。I regret to say the job has been filled.十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。I regret saying what I said.I shouldnt have said it.我懊悔说了那些话。我是不应该这样说的。考点5非谓语动词作表语1While waiting for the opportunity to get _，Henry did his best to perform his duty.(2014安徽，32)Apromote BpromotedCpromoting Dto promote答案B解析句意为：当等待机会升职的时候，亨利尽最大努力履行他的职责。这里使用了get done结构，表示被动关系。2For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _.(2014福建，30)Aconnected BconnectingCto connect Dto be connected答案A解析考查形容词化的过去分词作表语。句意为：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。本句中的关键词是stay(保持)，它是一个连系动词，后接形容词作表语。connected可作形容词，意为“有联系的，有来往的”，符合句意。考点归纳1不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的等。My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标是当一名科学家。What strikes me most is to see him always busy.使我感到惊讶的是总看见他很忙碌。2动名词作表语表示笼统的、抽象的概念。My favorite sport is skiing.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。3作表语的现在分词，往往具有形容词的性质，用于说明主语的性质与特征。过去分词作表语和系动词连用，构成系表结构，往往表示主语所处的一种状态，有时候用于“getv.-ed”结构中。The report is very encouraging.这个报告非常鼓舞人心。I got confused，even bored.我被搞得迷惑了，甚至有点烦了。考点6非谓语动词作主语1_the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.(2015安徽，27)AIgnore BIgnoringCIgnored DHaving ignored答案B解析句意为：忽视这两个研究结果的不同将是你犯的最严重的错误之一。从will be one of the worst mistakes you make来看，will的前面部分是主语，因此用v.-ing短语作主语。这里表达一般情况，因此不用完成式。2Its standard practice for a company like this one _ a security officer.(2014山东，9)Aemployed Bbeing employedCto employ Demploys答案C解析分析句子结构可知，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“_ a security officer”；再根据句型“It isn.for sb.to do sth.”，知选to employ。考点归纳1动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。有时候用it作形式主语，常用于Its no use/good/useless/of little use/useful/worth/a waste of time doing等句式中。Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit.早睡早起是个好习惯。Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。2不定式作主语往往表示一个具体的动作、一种愿望、目的或未完成的事，通常用形式主语it代替。常见的it代替不定式作形式主语的句型有：It isadj.(for sb.) to do sth.It isn.(for sb.) to do sth.It isadj.of sb.(to do sth.)To stop the work now seems impossible.It seems impossible to stop the work now.现在停止这项工作似乎是不可能的。Its so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。It wont be easy for you to find a job.找一份新工作对你来说不容易。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。考点7独立主格结构1Much time _ sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.(2015江苏，24)Abeing spent Bhaving spentCspent Dspending答案C解析句意为：由于大部分时间坐在办公桌前，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。由于句中没有连词，故前半句要用独立主格结构；time与spend之间构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。2The lecture _，a lively question-and-answer session followed.(2014江苏，29)Abeing given Bhaving givenCto be given Dhaving been given答案D解析句意为：演讲结束后，紧跟着是一个生动的互动环节。由于句中没有连词，故前半句要用独立主格结构；the lecture与give之间为被动关系，且动作发生在动词follow之前，故选D项。考点归纳1独立主格结构由“普通格名词(或主格代词)分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成，在句中作状语，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。Mary coming back，they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。Good luck given，I will earn more money than all of you.运气好的话，我挣的钱将比你们所有人挣得都多。2there be句型的非谓语形式Ive never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.我从未想到墙上会有幅画。I expect there to be many chances for her to get a job.我希望她有很多机会找到工作。There being ice on the road，I told the driver to slow down.路上有冰，我让司机减速慢行。There having been no water for two days，the travelers were all very thirsty.已经两天都没有水了，所有游客都非常渴。考点8“连词分词(短语)”结构1Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong hands.(2015湖南，24)Ato leave BleavingCleave Dleft答案D解析句意为：如果落在不合适的人的手中，电子游戏就会有一个很坏的影响。leave的逻辑主语是video games，它们之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词。if left.是“连词过去分词”构成的状语从句的省略。2Children，when _ by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.(2014湖南，21)Ato be accompanied Bto accompanyCaccompanying Daccompanied答案D解析句意为：孩子们在父母的陪同下才被允许进入该体育馆。因为children和accompany之间是被动关系，所以应该使用过去分词accompanied。此处是状语从句的省略，还原后是when they are accompanied by their parents。考点归纳分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when，while，if，though，whether.or.，unless，as if等。有时这种结构可看成是状语从句的省略。Though left behind and feeling awkward，Jack kept on running until he reached the finishing line.虽然他被落在后面感到很局促不安，但是Jack坚持跑到了终点线。You should stay where you are，unless asked to leave.你应该呆在你现在的地方不动，除非让你动。方法1正确判断非谓语动词句子按结构分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如果两个句子用连词进行连接，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。典例_many times，but he still couldnt understand it.AHaving been toldBToldCHe was toldDThough he had been told答案C解析用连词but引导并列句，因此，前面与后句一样也是个独立的句子，排除A、B两项；因though和but不能同时出现在一个句子中，故选C。方法2正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：1如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；2如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。典例_ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.ASeen BSeeingCHaving seen DTo see答案A解析句意为：从塔顶看，这座山的南边脚下是树的海洋。seen from the top of the tower是一个过去分词短语，在句子中作状语。see的逻辑主语是句子的主语the south foot of the mountain，它们之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词。方法3正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。典例Dina，_ for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.Astruggling BstruggledChaving struggled Dto struggle答案C解析句意为：Dina奋斗了几个月，想找个做女服务员的工作，最后在当地一家广告社谋到了一个职位。因Dina与struggle之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；且struggle发生在took之前，故用现在分词的完成形式。强化练(三)1_ his eyes on the album，he thought of the happy time when he lived with his parents in that mountain village.(2017红桥区二模，11)AFixed BTo be fixedCFixing DHaving fixed答案C解析句意为：目不转睛地看着相册，他回想起他和他父母一起住在那个山村的快乐时光。动词fix和其逻辑主语he之间为主动关系，且与句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，故需用现在分词，选C。2_ to Annes birthday party，Mr Brown is now searching shop after shop for a nice present for her.(2017南开区二模，2)AHaving invited BHaving been invitedCHave been invited DBeing invited答案B解析句意为：受邀参加安妮的生日聚会后，为了给她买一件漂亮的礼物，布朗先生现在正在一家商店接着一家商店地寻找。非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前，需用现在分词的完成式；非谓语动词的逻辑主语Mr Brown和动词invite之间为被动关系，需用被动形式。故答案为B。3_ to her own work，she spent little time with her family.(2017和平区一模，5)ADevoting BTo be devotedCDevoted DHaving devoted答案C解析句意为：她致力于自己的工作，很少和家人在一起。be devoted to.致力于，由于从句主语与主句主语一致所以从句主语和be动词可以省略，故选C。4In the reading room，we found her _ at a desk，with her attention _ on a book.(2017南开区二模，9)Asitting；fixing Bto sit；fixedCseating；fixing Dseated；fixed答案D解析句意为：在阅览室里，我们发现她坐在书桌旁，注意力集中在一本书上。第一空为“find宾语宾补”结构，其中sittingseated；第二空考查“with宾语宾补”结构，宾语attention和动词fix之间为被动关系，故用过去分词fixed作宾补。答案为D。5What do you think of your journey to Yunnan?Everything is very fantastic，especially its fresh air.It is pleasant _.(2017天津十二所重点中学二模，12)Abreathed Bbeing breathedCto be breathed Dto breathe答案D解析句意为：你觉得你的云南之行怎么样？一切都很奇妙，尤其是云南的新鲜空气。那里的新鲜空气呼吸起来令人愉快。在“sth.beadj.to do”结构中，不定式中的动词do与主语构成动宾关系，形容词表示主语的性质或特征。6I can hardly imagine Peter _ the decision without any consideration.(2017红桥区二模，5)Aaccepts BacceptingCto accept Daccepted答案B解析句意为：我简直无法想象彼得会毫不考虑就接受这个决定。imagine后跟动名词作宾语；Peter为动名词的逻辑主语。imagine sb.doing sth.想象某人做某事。7The food_ in this way keeps its fresh flavor，which attracts people from other countries to the art of Chinese cooking.(2017天津五校联考一模，13)Aprepared BpreparingCto prepare Dto be prepared答案A解析food与prepare之间为被动关系，故用prepared作后置定语修饰The food。句意为：以这种方法准备好的食物保持了其新鲜的味道，吸引了来自其他国家的人对中国烹饪艺术的关注。故选A。8_ the program，they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2017河东区二模，9)ANot completing BNot completedCNot having completed DHaving not completed答案C解析句意为：由于没有完成这个项目，他们不得不在那里再待两个星期。本题考查三点：一是句子主语they和动词complete之间为主动关系，需用现在分词；二是非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，应用现在分词的完成式；三是非谓语动词的否定式，否定词not放在最前面。9Ann never dreams of _ a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.(2017河西区二模，10)Abeing Bthere will beCthere to be Dthere being答案D解析句意为：Ann做梦也没想到很快她就有机会被派往国外。介词后面跟动名词，此处为表示“存在”的there be结构，故用动名词的独立主格形式there being。10The noise from my neighbors sitting room _ can be clearly heard in my apartment，which makes me distracted from reading.(2017天津十二所重点中学一模，10)Ais decorated Bbeing decoratedCdecorated Dto be decorated答案B解析句意为：邻居客厅里装修的噪音在我的公寓里能清晰地听到，这使我无法专心读书。此处表示正在进行的被动动作，故选B。11The worse working conditions we are looking forward to _ must have attracted the local governments attention.(2017南开区三模，7)Asee improved Bseeing to improveCsee improving Dseeing improved答案D解析句意为：我们期待看到有所改善的极其糟糕的工作条件一定引起了当地政府的关注。look forward to结构中的to为介词，其后跟动名词。句子核心结构为“The worse working conditions must have attracted the local governments attention.”。we are looking forward to seeing improved为定语从句，修饰先行词conditions；关系代词在定语从句中作seeing的宾语且被省略，improved为宾语补足语，表被动。12We are invited to a party_ in our club next Friday.(2017红桥区一模，4)Ato hold BheldCto be held Dbeing held答案C解析根据句意可知party和hold之间是被动关系；根据next Friday可知是将要发生的事，需用不定式作定语。a party to be held意为“将被举行的聚会”，故选C。13_ out of all the money，I had to make a living by helping out in that firm.(2017天津五校联考一模，3)ARun BTo runCRunning DHaving been run答案C解析I与