高中英语 module 4 great scientists section ⅲ grammar-复习被动语态和by＋v教学案 外研版必修4

Module 4 Great Scientists Section Grammar-复习被动语态和byv语法图解探究发现Rice is also grown in many other Asian countries.Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system.The research was supported by the government.In Pakistan rice will be grown in many parts of the country.The new hybrid rice has been developedby the Yuan Longping Hightech Agricultural Company of China.The shop closesat 6：00 pm every day.The apple tastesgood.The new product by the company sells well.Open the door by windingthe handle.People usually greet each other by shaking hands.我的发现(1)句采用了一般现在时的被动语态，其构成形式为：am/is/aredone。(2)句采用了一般过去时的被动语态，其构成形式为：was/weredone。(3)句分别用了一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态。(4)句中谓语动词以主动形式表示被动意义。(5)句中，byv.ing形式表示通过方式。一、被动语态被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态由“be及物动词的过去分词”构成。1各种时态的被动语态的构成(1)一般现在时被动语态的构成：am/is/aredoneBefore you leave the lab，make sure the electricity is turned off and the windows are shut.在你离开实验室之前，要确保电源被切断，窗户被关好。(2)一般过去时被动语态的构成：was/weredoneThe foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。(3)一般将来时被动语态的构成：shall/willbedoneMore space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.中国人民在将来将进行更多的太空探索。(4)现在进行时被动语态的构成：am/is/arebeingdoneThey are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt.他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。(5)过去进行时被动语态的构成：was/were beingdoneAfter school we went to the readingroom to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。(6)现在完成时被动语态的构成：has/have beendoneLi Hua has been elected monitor of our class to take the place of Ma Li.李华已取代马丽，被选为我班班长。(7)过去完成时被动语态的构成：had beendoneWhen we got on the spot of the accident, we were told that the injured had been sent to the nearest hospital.当我们到达事故现场时，我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院。(8)将来完成时被动语态的构成：will/shallhave beendoneOn her next birthday, Ann will have been married for twenty years.到下一次过生日的时候，安结婚就要满二十年了。(9)含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词bedoneThe boy feels hot on the forehead, so he must be sent to hospital at once.这个男孩的额头摸起来发热，所以必须被立刻送往医院。即时演练1用所给词的被动语态填空(2016江苏高考改编)More efforts, as reported, will_be_made (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structure reform.(2015北京高考改编)Did you enjoy the party?Yes，we were_treated (treat) well by our hosts.(2015天津高考改编)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has_been_reached (reach) so far by the two sides.(2014天津高考改编)We wont start the work until all the preparations have_been_made (make)Why dont we choose that road to save time?The bridge to it is_being_repaired (repair)2使用被动语态时应注意的情况(1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(take place, break out, come true, belong to, date from, happen等)。A fire broke out in his house yesterday.昨天他家着火了。(2)含有介词或副词的及物动词短语变为被动语态时，介词或副词不可省略(look after, look for, take care of, put off, break into等)。The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten.孩子们在幼儿园里被照顾得很好。(3)带复合宾语(宾语宾补)的动词变被动语态时，一般把复合结构中的宾语变成主语，而把宾语补足语(在被动语态中叫作主语补足语)放在动词之后。We always keep the classroom clean and tidy.The classroom is always kept clean and tidy by us.我们总是保持教室干净而且整洁。名师点津see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make等感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to，但当主动语态变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须加上。A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My walletwas seen to dropby a girl when she passed by.一个姑娘路过时看到我的钱包掉了。即时演练2完成句子The game takes_place every four years in a different country.这种活动每四年在不同的国家举行一次。Many interesting experiments are_carried_out in our laboratory.我们在实验室做了许多有趣的实验。He is_often_heard_to_play the guitar.我们经常听到他弹吉他。The old temple dates_from the Ming Dynasty.那座古庙起源于明朝。3主动形式表示被动意义的用法(1)某些连系动词，如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危险。(2)某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如：lock, shut, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw, cut，drink，eat等常用主动形式表示被动意义。这些词后常有副词修饰，如well，easily等。The cloth washes well and is comfortable to wear.这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。(3)need, require, want, deserve等词，当主语为物时，接动名词的主动形式，表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The flowers need watering or they will die.The flowers need to be wateredor they will die.这些花需要浇水，否则它们会死。(4)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。The picturebook is well worth reading.这本图画书很值得一读。(5)在“主语be形容词(for sb.)to do”结构中，句子的主语与构成不定式的动词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting，strange，impossible，comfortable，dangerous等。This article is difficult to read. I need someone to explain it to me.这篇文章很难读懂，我需要一个人给我解释一下。(6)不定式作定语修饰名词，与前面的名词有动宾关系，且句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，用动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。I have a lot of homeworkto do this afternoon.今天下午我有很多的家庭作业要做。Please give me something to eat.请给我些东西吃。(7)某些动词不定式如to blame, to let等，作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。The boy wasto blame for what he had done.这个男孩为他的所作所为受到了批评(责备)。即时演练3用所给词的适当形式填空(重庆高考改编)AMidsummerNightsDreamopens (open) at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.(陕西高考改编)As a result of the serious flood, twothirds of the buildings in the area need repairing (repair)The stone is heavy for the boy to_lift (lift)The question is difficult to_answer (answer)This kind of book sells (sell) well.二、byv.ing形式1by v.ing形式，表示以某种方式来达到某种目的He passed the exam by working hard.通过努力学习，他通过了考试。2by表示“方式”的其他用法(1)by交通工具，如：by car/bus/bike/plane等。I go to school by bike every day.我每天骑自行车去上学。(2)bythe具体的时间或度量名词，如by the day/hour/year/kilo/metre/dozen (按打)等。He is paid by the hour.他按小时得到报酬。即时演练4(1)完成句子The old man makes a living by_selling_newspapers (靠卖报纸)(北京高考改编)One learns a language by_making_mistakes_and_correcting_them (通过犯错并改正它们)They went to Shanghai by_air/plane (乘飞机)These eggs are sold by_the_dozen (按打)(2)用by doing形式改写下列句子You can reach there if you take a bus.You can reach there by_taking_a_bus.Students learn things when they do exercises after school.Students learn things by_doing_exercises_after_school.If we practice often, we can operate the machine well.By_practicing_often,_we can operate the machine well.单句语法填空1He hoped that he would_be_given (give) a more suitable job.2Having_been_trapped (trap) in the mine for two days, the miners finally were rescued.3Everyone dislikes being_made (make) fun of by others.4Dont lose heart! The problem can be_prevented (prevent) from getting worse.5About thirty volunteers will_have_been_selected to the Mars throughout the world by 2018. 6(北京高考改编)Shakespeares play Hamlethas_been_made (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.7(北京高考改编)So what is the procedure?All the applicants are_interviewed (interview) before a final decision is made by the authority. 8(辽宁高考改编)We are confident that the environment will_be_improved by our further efforts to reduce pollution.9The government announced that six highways had_been_built (build) by the end of last year.10It is said that the subway will have_been_completed by 2017.11A dinner party was_being_held (hold) in celebration of the great achievements she had made when I called her yesterday.12It is reported that many a new house is_being_built (build) at present in the disaster area.13The teacher will get angry if your homework is_not_finished (not, finish) on time.14A lot of water is_wasted (waste) every year. Its a serious problem.15What do you think of the book?Oh, great. Its worth reading (read) a second time.单句改错1Having shown the classroom, we were taken to the library.Having后加_been2The children are taught how to operate the machine now.are后加being3By the end of last month，all of his works have been published.havehad4I want to buy that kind of cloth because I have been told the cloth wash well.washwashes5In the last few years thousands of films had been produced all over the world. hadhave.单句写作1(2015陕西高考满分作文)I have just learned from the advertisement that 20_student_volunteers_are_wanted (需要20名学生志愿者) for the English Culture Festival.2(2015天津高考满分作文)The textbooks and dictionaries can_be_used (可以被用作) as reference books while the magazines serve as reading materials.3(2014天津高考标准范文)Our school is_located_in (坐落在) a northern city of China, where you can taste many kinds of delicious food, because it is well famous for its snacks.4(2014天津高考标准范文)Our class is_made_up_of_50_lively_boys_and_girls (由50名活泼可爱的男孩女孩组成), who are warm and generous and ready to offer help. 5(2014天津高考满分作文)I hope you will_be_accepted_as_a_member_of_our_class (将被接受为我们班的一员)6(2014上海高考满分作文)As far as I am concerned, I think that the column concerning entertainment should_be_removed (应该被取消).短文改错Union is strength no matter when youre facing difficulties or in a dilemma. 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