高考英语阅读长难句分析[修正版.doc

高考英语阅读长难句分析纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。1、带有较多成分的简单句。如：Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。在这个有30多个词的简单句中，_短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是_，而且还修饰_. exact television同时修饰_和_两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语_把主语和谓语分隔开了。2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如：In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了_ _.Discrimination(歧视) isnt their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingtons gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age，and doctors can do nothing to help. 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。其中，第二个句子中的分词短语testing positive for the Huntingtons gene是做everyone的_;3、含有多个从句的复合句。如：I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。在possibility后由that引导的_从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：_.However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生)graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。本句的主语是：_ 谓语_有两个由that引导的_从句，其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个_从句修饰主语，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个_从句修饰belief。4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如：His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地）enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。句子的主语是_, 谓语是_, as chairman of Computer Associates International是_的同位语，_是Computer Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的_状语从句的主语分隔开了, heard后面是一个_从句；5、并列复合句。如：I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。在but后的那个并列的分句中fact后面跟一个_从句，其中还含有一个_从句。They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。在前一个并列分句中谓语_跟一个_从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的_从句，省略了关系词that或_. 长难句理解突破策略 (1) 结构分析法n 所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。n 基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分。如： However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last just about 120 years.此句的主语为_，主语里面包含了一个由_引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即_ 和_，say后面又包含了一个_从句。 Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.此句的主语为_,有两个谓语，即_和_，_ 是宾语补足语At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即_和_方法二：并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词 The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.本句话中有两个主语，_和_,分别有自己的谓语_,_ ,是由_连接的两个并列句 Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.本句话中也有两个主语_和_,分别有自己的谓语_,_ ,也是由and 连接的两个_.方法三：主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词 Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.whereas引导了一个_从句，即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而主句是_，其中it为_主语，真正的主语为_。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English-William, the Conqueror.(2) 意群阅读法意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例如：When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析：是_从句， 是主句， 是with引导的介词短语作_，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为4个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。【典型例题】例1、 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).解析： 此句的主语为_，其中主语里面又包含了一个由who引导的_从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个并列的_从句。点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是至关重要的一步。例2 、Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.解析：此句的主语为_，谓语即_，第一个that引导的是_从句。在宾语从句中after引导_从句，第二个that引导_从句。第三个that引导_从句。点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非常重要。【实战演练】1. “ This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logana woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.分析： 第一句的主语为_, the librarian为_，谓语为_，第一个宾语为_，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此