chapter617世纪文学前半部分.ppt

Chapter 6 17th Century Literature(1603-1688) Background The Stuart Dynasty James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) 1642 - the outbreak of the Civil War (Bourgeois Revolution) between royal court /今天露着笑靥的花朵,/明天也 许会枯萎.“ 表现了及时行乐的来世情调. Limitation 玄学派和骑士派诗作中都没有动荡的革 命时代的直接反映,诗人们力图 远离政治 斗争,逃避现实. (而17世纪最伟大的诗人弥尔顿的整个人 生都是与 革命时代联系在一起的. ) John Donne (1572-1631) was the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical Poets and a churchman famous for his attracting sermons. Donne was born in London to a prominent Roman Catholic family but converted to Anglicanism during the 1590s. At the age of 11 he entered the University of Oxford, where he studied for three years. According to some accounts, he spent the next three years at the University of Cambridge but took no degree at either university. He began the study of law at Lincolns Inn, London, in 1592, and he seemed destined for a legal or diplomatic career. Donne was appointed private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, Keeper of the Great Seal, in 1598. His secr et marriage in 1601 to Egertons niece, Anne More, resulted in his dismissal from this position and in a brief imprisonment. During the next few years Donne made a feeble living as a lawyer. Donnes principal literary accomplishments during this period were Divine Poems (1607) and the prose work Biathanatos(双重永生）, a half- serious extenuation(减轻罪孽的借口) of suicides, in which he argued that suicide is not intrinsically（本质地） sinful. Donne became a priest of the Anglican Church in 1615 and was appointed royal chaplain(私人牧师) later that year. In 1621 he was named dean of St. Pauls Cathedral. He attained eminence as a preacher, delivering sermons that are regarded as the most brilliant and eloquent of his time. Donnes poetry embraces a wide range of secular(世俗的,非宗教的) and religious subjects. He wrote cynical verse about inconstancy, poems about true love, lyrics on the mystical union of lovers souls and bodies and brilliant satires and hymns(赞美 诗) describing his own spiritual struggles. Songs and Sonnets(p.183) A collection of his 55 love lyrics, was published after his death in 1633. His love lyrics may be classified into two groups. The poems of one group takes a negative attitude towards love and those of the other group take a positive attitude towards love. In the poems of the first group, Donne uses a cynical tone to satirize womens inconstancy, as found in” Go and Catch a Following Star”. In the poem of the second group, he expresses his genuine sentiments of love, and even regard love as something holy. “The Canonization”(垂典入圣）and “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”(告 别辞：免哀伤）belong to this group. 多恩的爱情诗不仅超越了一切伊丽莎白时代的传统，而且超 越了他以前所有情诗的典范式情感。“看在上帝面上，请闭上 嘴，让我爱你。”(For Gods sake hold your tongue, and let me love)(The Canonization)用这样的话语做诗的开头的人不会模 仿任何一个人。他不是在进行写作练习，他是个真正的人在 说话，他的声音就回荡在房间里。多恩既能使人惊讶，令人 愤怒，也能温柔博学，明白如话，他时而幻想，时而热情， 时而虔诚，时而绝望。有的时候，他会在一首爱情诗中将几 种情感集于一处。他能够认识到感情是复杂的，这一点使他 适应于我们这个不再单纯的时代。他爱情诗中的特点同样适 用于他的祈祷诗，这些诗中也带有一些情欲的色彩，这些作 品反映是全部人性，也包括人的肉体。以下两句话经常被人 引用，这两句话中浓缩了约翰多恩的大部分特点： 爱情的神话的确在人的灵魂中萌生， 而人的身体如同记录神话的书页。 The two “Anniversaries” - “An Anatomy（ 剖析） of the World“ (1611) and “Of the Progress of the Soul“ (1612)-are elegies for 15-year-old Elizabeth Drury. Whatever the subject, Donnes poems reveal the same characteristics that typified the work of the metaphysical poets: dazzling(眼花缭乱的) wordplay, often explicitly sexual; paradox; subtle argumentation; surprising contrasts; intricate(复 杂的) psychological analysis; and striking imagery selected from nontraditional areas such as law, physiology(生理学）, scholastic（学院 的） philosophy, and mathematics. Donnes prose, almost equally metaphysical, ranks at least as high as his poetry. The Sermons（布道 ）, some 160 in all, are especially memorable for their imaginative explications of biblical passages and for their intense explorations of the themes of divine love and of the decay and resurrection(复 苏) of the body. Devotions upon Emergent Occasions（祷告） (1624) is a powerful series of meditations, expostulations(劝告), and prayers。 多恩的祷告(Devotions)和布道 (Sermons)与传统的宗教文学有很大区别。它们 都是艺术作品，将一种几乎是令人恐惧的强烈 的感情与精巧细致的韵律和比喻结合在一起。 祷告主要写给他本人，而布道则是在很多 观众面前，特别是国王面前进行的。这里表现 的并不是一种只有星期天布道时才有的虔诚， 而是专门要对人的感情施加影响，直到今天这 种影响依然有效，即使教义不再流行，其艺术 性依然能够使人感动。 Obsessed with the idea of death, Donne preached what was called his own funeral sermon, “Deaths Duel(死之决战)“ just a few weeks before he died in London on March 31, 1631. 约翰 邓恩(15721631)青年时期写了许多爱情 诗,讽刺诗和一些应景诗.1615年出任教职以后主 要写宗教诗和布道词.他的爱情诗歌多是1614 年 以前的作品,主要收入短歌集,共有55首.大多 数爱情诗有对女性水 性杨花的冷嘲,又体现享乐 主义思想,表现出对彼特拉克在柏拉图理想化影 响下的爱情诗传统的背叛,如 去捕捉陨星一颗,现在你已经爱了我 一 整天.他的爱情诗构思特殊,采用科学, 神学,哲学内容作比喻.“我脸 蛋在你眼里, 你脸蛋在我眼里出现,/两颗平凡的真心在 脸蛋上安息;/哪儿 我们能找到更好的两个 半球,/没有严寒的北极,落日的西方 “(早 安) 这种“奇想“新鲜又恰当.但多数怪譬产生机 智但隐晦,古怪,矫揉的效果. 跳蚤(flea)中跳蚤咬了一对情人而融合了他们的血 液,成了“我们的婚床“, 情人杀死跳蚤就像杀死三个人. 这类奇想造作而无意义.诗人的爱情诗大多 以死亡和 离别为主题,充满关于灵与肉的神秘思想. 邓思模仿罗马诗歌写了挽歌20首,讽刺诗7首, 警句若干 则.挽歌内容仍是爱情诗,讽刺诗 反映了当时社会风貌,政治动态 和宫廷典型,但因为 有太多的冷嘲和语言上的造作导向隐晦. 邓恩后期作品中,神秘的悲观的气氛加重. 他写了一系列圣十四行诗 和其他宗 教诗篇,宗教信仰与内心的怀疑,恐惧,理智 分析与情感迸发奇特 地混合在一起.他的 160篇布道文也表现出新旧信仰,现世来世 之间的矛盾. 散文风格受拉丁散文影响,比喻生动,想象 丰富,在当时吸引各阶层听众. song 邓的爱情诗大致可以分为两类:一类是否定的, 一类是肯定的. Song 这首诗是前一类,但家喻户 晓,并谱了曲,是选家必选的一首. 其中心思想是 世界上没有专一的爱情,诗人所持是怀疑玩世的 态度.同邓其他抒情诗一样,中心思想单纯,只有 一个,而布局按辩论程序分成若干段.这里共三 段: GO and catch a falling star, 用曼德拉草变 回孩提原形， Get with child a mandrake root, 就像追逐 一颗陨落的流星， Tell me where all past years are,何处能找 回逝去的光阴。 Or who cleft the devils foot,是谁拖长了 恶魔的脚印， Teach me to hear mermaids singing,教会 我倾听人鱼的乐音， Or to keep off envys stinging,让我摆脱嫉 妒的心， And find然后感受， What wind一阵微风， Serves to advance an honest mind. 拂 起升华的灵。 第一段:这里所举的一切都是不可能 办到的 去吧，跑去抓一颗流星， 去叫何首乌肚子里也有喜， 告诉我哪儿追流年的踪影， 是谁开豁了魔鬼的双蹄， 教我听得见美人鱼唱歌， 压得住酷海，不叫它兴波， 寻寻看 哪一番 好风会顺水把真心推向前。 If thou best born to strange sights,如果你要看独 特的风景 Things invisible to see,勇于尝新 Ride ten thousand days and nights,游历你一生的 光阴 Till age snow white hairs on thee,直到白发结上 双鬓。 Thou, when thou returnst, wilt tell me,当你 回来，讲给我听 All strange wonders that befell thee,一切事 情你曾历经 And swear,然后相信 No where这个世界 Lives a woman true and fair.没有真实美丽 的女人心 第二段:走遍海角天涯,历尽千年万载,也找 不到忠贞不渝的爱 如果你生来有异察，看得见 人家不能看见的花样， 你就骑马一万夜一万天， 直跑到满头顶盖雪披霜， 你回来会滔滔不绝地讲述 你所遭遇的奇怪事物， 到最后 都赌咒 说美人而忠心，世界上可没有。 If thou findst one, let me know,如果找到，讲给 我听 Such a pilgrimage were sweet;如此甜蜜一定不虚 此行 Yet do not, I would not go,但找不到，我也不愿 远行 Though at next door we might meet, 尽管下一次 邂逅我们相信 Though she were true, when you met her,尽 管她真实你也能看清 And last, till you write your letter,直到，你 写下这封信 Yet she而她已经 Will be铸成错误 False, ere I come, to two, or three. 在我来之 前已有人光临 第三段:(戏剧性的转折和结束)即使不可 能存在的事被人发现了,诗人也不相信. 你万一找到了，通知我一句 向这位千里进香也心甘； 可是算了吧，我决不会去， 哪怕到隔壁就可以见面俄 尽管你见她当时还可靠， 到你写信了还可以担保， 她不等 我到门 准已经对不起两三个男人。 （卞之琳译） The rhythm of the poem deviates from the conventional poems of the time. It contains 3 nine-lined stanzas. With the exception of the 7th and 8th lines, the poem is written in iambic tetrameter(四步抑扬格）and the 5th and 6th lines end with a feminine ending. The rhyme scheme is ababccddd. Robert Herric Robert Herrick was a follower of Ben Jonson. He received his education at Cambridge and became a vicar in 1629. His chief work is Hesperides, a collection of 1200 poems and was published in 1648. the motif of “carpe diem” (seize the day) is evident in the following poem. To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time 金缕衣 劝君莫惜金缕衣，劝君惜取少年时 花开堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝 Counsel to Girls Robert Herrick Gather ye rose-buds while ye may, Old Time is still a-flying: And this same flower that smiles to-day, To-morrow will be dying. The glorious Lamp of Heaven, the Sun, The higher hes a-getting The sooner will his race be run. And nearer hes to set