《石油英语》word版.doc

TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION海 洋 石 油 采 油 技 术 英 语First Edition: Jun, 2003Editors NoteThis book is especially compiled for training the offshore oil production operators and technical engineers. All the materials are excerpts from tailored technical documents for offshore oil production totally covering 15 topics: from basic hand tools to well control, crude oil processing and HE&S.The pedagogy of the bookBased on the analysis of the trainees actual English proficiency and the future use of English in their day-to-day work. The textbook designed with following features:1. A short passage is arranged in each unit to assist the trainees to improve their knowledge and reading comprehension capability on oil production related technical documents.2. In each unit, the oil production related glossary on a specific topic is listed to build up the trainees vocabulary in their future work.3. After the glossary in each unit, there come the commonly used sentences for oil production. Features of the content1. In-depth and thorough inclusion of words, sentences and related articles for oil production.2. Pragmatic and application-orientedFENG JUANSHENGTECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTIONTABLE OF CONTENTS (目录)ChapterSection IFundamental Knowledge On Oil Production1. Basic Hand Tools基本工具1.1Introduction 1.2Working Area 1.3Hammers 1.3.1General1.3.2Hammer Care and Safety1.4PPunches and Chisels1.4.1General1.4.2Punches1.4.3Chisels1.4.4Care of Punches and Chisels1.5Files1.5.1General1.5.2Use of Files1.6Saws1.6.1General1.6.2Use of Saws1.7Screwdrivers1.7.1General1.7.2Use of Screwdrivers1.8Pliers and Cutters1.9Wrenches1.9.1General1.9.2Adjustable Wrenches1.9.3Pipe Wrenches1.9.4Open-Ended Wrenches1.9.5Box-Ended Wrenches1.9.6Combination Wrenches1.10Drills2.Valves阀门2.1Introduction2.2Globe Valves2.3Gate Valves2.4Needle Valves2.5Butterfly Valves2.6Ball Valves2.7Plug Valves2.8Check Valves3.Lubrication润滑3.1Introduction3.2Classes of Lubrication3.3Addictive Packages3.4Viscosity Testing4.Centrifugal离心泵4.1Introduction4.2Operating Principles4.3Construction4.4Impeller4.5Multistage Centrifugal Pumps4.6Operating pumps in Series and Parallel4.7Starting Centrifugal Pumps5.Electric Engineering电工5.1Basic Units5.2The Electrical Circuit5.3Direct Current5.4Alternating Current5.5Earthing or Grounding5.6Electric Power Sources5.7Generators5.8Electric Motors5.9Batteries5.10Heating effect of an electric current5.11Transformers6.Oil Production采油6.1Artificial Lift6.1.1Gas Lift6.1.2Hydraulic Lift6.1.3Submersible Pump6.2Stimulation6.2.1Acidizing6.2.2Fracturing6.3Water Injection7.Well Control油井控制7.1Introduction7.2Wellhead Equipment7.3Flowlines and Manifolds8.Crude Oil Processing油气处理8.1Introduction8.2Crude Oil Product Degassing8.3Crude Oil Storage9.Pressure Measurement压力测量9.1Introduction9.2Pressure Measuring Devices10.Temperature Measurement温度测量10.1Introduction10.2Temperature Measuring Instruments11.Flow Measurement流量测量11.1Introduction11.2Displacement Metering11.3Inferential Measurement12.Level Measurement油位测量12.1Methods of Measuring Level13.Heat Exchanger热交换器13.1Introduction13.2Shell and Tube Exchanger13.2.1General13.2.2Baffles13.2.3Fixed Tube-sheet Exchanger13.2.4Floating Tube-sheet Exchanger13.2.5U-tube Exchanger14.Sampling and Analysis取样及分析14.1Introduction14.2Quality of Product14.3BS&W Measurement14.4Tank Sampling14.5BS&W Determination14.6API Gravity Determination15Health, Safety and Environment健康安全环保15.1Health15.1.1Hearing Conservation15.1.2Hydrogen Sulfide15.1.3Respirotary Protection15.2Safety15.2.1 Personal Protection Equipment15.2.2Chemical Safety15.2.3Equipment Safety15.2.4Office Safety15.2.5Back Safety15.3Emergency15.3.1Fire Events15.3.2Fire Detection and Alarms15.3.3Emergency Shutdown and Blowout System15.3.4Fire Control15.4 Personal Survival and Escape EquipmentSection IISupplementary Material On Safety ProductionI. IntroductionII. People Make SafetyIII. Personal SafeguardsIV. Work PostureV. Reporting In At An Offshore JobVI. Rigging Up SafetyVII. Drilling Operations SafetyVIII. ElevatorsIX. Electrical HazardsX. Hydrogen Sulfide SafetyXI. Fire PreventionXII. Emergency First AideSection III.Glossary For Oil ProductionTechnical English for Offshore Oil ProductionPage 134Section IFundamental Knowledge On Oil ProductionTECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTIONReading Material1. Basic Hand Tools基本工具Aims & ObjectivesAim of the ModuleThe trainee will demonstrate a good knowledge on the English terms of the choice of hand tools and of the safe methods of working.Objectives1. Know the importance of the proper care and use of tools.2. Maintain a good and safe working area3. Learn the use and care of the commonly used tools1.1 Introduction The hand tools detailed in this module are common in au workshop or toolbox. The list is not, however, exhaustive. There are also special tools, made to perform one specific task on one type of machine. Mechanics will often make a small tool for a special job.The important thing is to use the correct tool for the job and only use tools for the task they are designed to do. Do not misuse tools such as using a wrench as a hammer or a screwdriver as punch or chisel. Find the correct tool and use it. Use tools in the proper manner, i.e. safely. When using a wrench, if possible, pull on it. If this is not possible, push using the flat of your open hand.Never use undue force on a tool, especially the hard metal tools such as drills. They are brittle and break very easily.Take care of your tools by keeping them sharp (where appropriate), clean and oiled. Observe safety precautions at all times. Always wear safety glasses when grinding, drilling and chiseling.When used Properly, most tools will last for many years. Remember that tools enable you to do your job; treat them as the valuable possessions they are.Vocabularies and Useful Expressions Used in Oil ProductionI.The Process And Equipment Of Oil Production1.Words & Phrasesatmospheric vent 放空阀auto-drain valve 自动排放阀backwash return pump 反冲洗循环泵blind spectacle flange 双孔盲法兰blow-down vessel 排放罐boiler make-up pump 锅炉提升泵centrifugal pump 离心泵chemical seal 化学密封mechanical seal 机械密封clean water surge tank 净化水缓冲罐2.SentencesThe whole oil field consists of two locations. One is location A, while another is location B. The produced crude in location A and location B will be transferred to floating production and storage unit (FPSU) to be treated. Location A, location B and FPSU are linked by sub-sea pipeline.整个油田由两个区组成，一个区是A区，另一个区是B区。A区和B区生产的原油输送到浮式生产储油装置进行处理。A，B区和浮式生产储油装置由海底管线连接。Water injection requires that the 95 percent of 5-micron-diameter particles and larger must be removed from the seawater.注水要求除掉海水中95% 的直径大于等于5微米的颗粒。Discharge water shall have oil content not exceeding 30ppm. 排放掉的水中含油量不得超过30ppm.Each of the 16 production Christmas trees inducts a maximum flow rate 800m3/d and 2000sm3/d gas from reservoir to the surface facility.16口油井组成的采油树中的任何一口允许最大流量为液体800m3/d ，气体2000sm3/d从油藏流向地面设施。Flow is controlled with a handoperated choke valve in each of the crude pipe.每条原油管道中原油流动由手动节流阀控制。When wellhead pressure is less than 650kPa, the artificial lift will be used.当井口压力低于650kPa, 使用人工举升方法。Pressure and temperature measurement will be provided at each Christmas tree to assist in start-up and operation.每个采油树上配有压力和温度测量装置，用以辅助开井和正常操作。Reading Material1.2 Working AreaWorking with hand tools is often referred to as bench work because the work is usually done standing at a bench. The first requirement, therefore, is a firm bench, preferably with a wooden surface.The second requirement is something to hold the work piece steady and firmly. This is a vice. The vice is bolted firmly to the bench top in such a manner that the fixed jaw overhangs the edge of the bench. Always keep the vice clean and oil the thread regularly.Always keep the bench and surrounding floor area clear of rags, piping, hoses and debris, as the result of earlier work untaken at the bench. The area should be provided with at least a brush a safe means of disposal of metal cuttings, filings and damaged or rejected items. The means of properly storing and securing tools should always be available, so that they will not be lost, damaged or caused any accidental, personal injury to others using the work area. Other than the normal plant safety wears expected from oil industry workers, the use of aprons, gloves, safety glasses or visors should be requirement when using many of the tools described in this module.Vocabularies and Useful Expressions Used in Oil ProductionI.The Process And Equipment Of Oil Production (Cont)1.Words & Phrasesclose-drain tankcoalescercondensate drumdifferential pressure control valvecrude coolercrude heat exchangercrude suction strainerD/P drilling and production platformDehydration pre-heaterDiesel storage tank2. SentencesProduced fluid leaving each Christmas tree enters the test manifold or the production manifold through the chokesThe production separator is designed to accept the maximum flow of 3000m3/d liquid and 20000sm3/d gas from wellhead.The design (operation) pressure of production separator is 800kPa.The vessel is designed for a pressure 800kPa.The test separator has two classes of pressure protection. One is pressure safe valve. The other is pressure safe element for fire case or other emergency cases.The test separator is heat-traced to avoid the contents cooling to below 30C at all times.Shutdown valves are installed on text heater and production heaters as pressure production of the 150lb piping systems on wellhead platform.Reading Material1.3 Hammers （锤子）1.3. 1GeneralThe most basic hand tool is the hammer. The most common type of steel hammer in general use is the ball pein hammer（圆头锤子）. Steel hammers are usually classified（分类） by their weight the normal range（范围） for this type of hammer being 1/2 lb 4 lb.Straight pein（平头） is used for riveting（铆接） and seaming（接缝）.Sledge（大锤） is used in conjunction with forging（锻造）tools.1.3.2 Hammer Care and SafetyThe uses of the hammer are wide and varied but basically the tool is used to provide a force at a precise（精确）point. In the case of riveting or driving a pin（销钉）, the force is applied directly to the object. In punching or chiseling, the force is applied to the end of another tool.Hammer faces, whatever their shape, must be inspected（检查） regularly（定期） for cracks（裂缝） or chipped edges（出现毛边）. Small chips（碎屑） or cracks can be ground out but if the face is badly damaged it becomes dangerous; the hammer must then be thrown away. Hammer heads must firmly fastened onto the shaft（杆）. Cracked（出现裂缝） or split shafts（锤杆裂开） are dangerous and must be replaced（更换）When using a hammer, grip it firmly（握住）at the end of the shaft farthest from the head. Do not hold it under the head as this makes the hammer out of balance and increases the risk（风险） of an accident occurring. It also means that a greater force must be exerted（施加） to achieve the same result.Vocabularies and Useful Expressions Used in Oil ProductionI.The Process And Equipment Of Oil Production (Cont)1.Words & Phrasesdisplacement oil pumpdrain pitelectric desalterelectric submersible pumpemergency shutdown valvefirst-stage separatorfresh water maker unitfuel gas heaterheaterhigh pressure condensate drum2.SentencesIf heaters and separators occur high high pressure or low low pressure, shutdown valve will be closed.Once the high level occur in the test separator and production separators, the shutdown valve will be closed immediately.Well fluid will be separated into gas and liquid (including oil and water) in the test separator. Separated gas flows to the associated gas treatment system, liquid flows to production separator. Gas production is controlled a by pressure controller and liquid production is controlled by a level controller.The natural gas is mainly sent to the following users: gas turbines, waste heat recovery unt and fired heaters.All oil lines are heat insulated and electrically traced.Oil lines are maintained at 30C to keep mobility of the oil and water lines are maintained at 5C to avoid freezing at shutdown time.Diesel oil is supplied from supply boat to diesel tanks by pump on the supply boat.Reading Material1.4 Punches and Chisels1.4. 1General Punches and chisels are tools used in conjunction with（与。一起） a hammer. There are punches for marking, making holes or removing pins from fittings（接头）. Chisels are used for cutting, shearing（剪切，刨，刮） or gouging（凿槽）. Punches and chisels should always be used with the piece of work firmly supported.1.4.2PunchesPunches are made from hardened and tempered（回火） tool steel in several shapes and many diameters. The most common punch is the center punch, which is ground （磨制） to a point of about 90. When the point of the punch is placed on a piece of metal and the other end is struck, it indents（使凹陷） the metal and provides a starting point for a drill. Care（注意） must always be exercised so that the punch point is properly located before holding the punch in the vertical, or striking, position.1.4.3ChiselsChisels are used for cutting or shearing. Differently shaped chisels are used for gouging and grooving（切槽）. Chisels are made from hardened and tempered tool steel. A properly ground chisel will have a cutting edge（剪切刃） ground to an angle of between 60 and 70 with a slight curve to the edge.Take the following precautions when using a chisel:hWear goggle or safety glasses.hCheck the cutting edges for cracks.hUse a chip guard（碎屑防护板） when other people are working nearby.1.4.4Care of Punches and ChiselsPunches and chisels should not be allowed to develop a mushroom head（蘑菇头）. This is extremely dangerous as small pieces of the mushroom can break off during hammering, possible causing injury, especially to eyes. At the first signs of mushrooming, grind the head to the correct (safe) shape.Vocabularies and Useful Expressions Used in Oil ProductionI.The Process And Equipment Of Oil Production (Cont)1.Words & Phraseshigh-pressure gas knock-out drumhigh-high pressure separatorhose connectionhydraulic lineshydraulic operated valvehydraulic piston pumpigniterinsulation flangejet pumpjumper hose2. SentencesDiesel oil is used to displace crude from wellbore when production wells are shutdown and as fuel for crane, work-over rig and gas turbine.Diesel oil will be used as fuel of main generators when natural gas is not enough.If process system is shut down, crude oil in equipment is discharged to closed drain vessel.Steam system is intended to supply steam cleaning work-over equipment.Compressed air is divided into two parts. One part is used as plant air. The other flows to air dryers and regenerators, after filtering, it enters instrument air receiver as instrument air.Chemical system is intended to inject chemical agent to various process pints in order to effectively treat crude oil, gas and water.Drain system is intended to protect the sea environment from pollution due to direct discharge of drainage.Reading Material1.5 Files2.3. 1GeneralFiles are made from hardened tool steel. The surface of the file is cut（制成锉纹） to make teeth, which remove small amounts of metal from the work being filed. There are four main types of cut:hSingle cut（锉纹） (teeth cut at an angle of between 65 and 85across the face in one direction only).hDouble cut (two rows of teeth cut in opposite directions, forming diamond-shaped points where they intersect).hCurved tooth (teeth in a curved profile horizontally across the surface of the file).1.5.2Use of FilesFiles cut in two directions. Firstly, by pushing the edges（边，沿） of the files teeth against the piece of work; this is the normal action. Secondly by holding the file at right angles（角度） to the work piece, then pushing it along the line of the work being filed, using both hands; this is known as draw filing.Continual use without cleaning will cause pieces of metal to stick（粘） in the teeth of the file (clogging堵塞), especially when filing soft metals. This reduces the efficiency of the file. To clean a file, tap（轻磕） it on the bench (this will remove some of the looser pieces of metal) then finish off with a file card（锉刷）. A file can be prevented from clogging by rubbing it with blackboard chalk before use.Vocabularies and Useful Expressions Used in Oil ProductionI.The Process And Equipment Of Oil Production (Cont)1.Words & Phrasesmain boilermain process linesnormally open (close) valveoily water tankpackage equipmentpneumatic operated valvepneumatic operated with manual reset valveposition lightpressure regulation valvepressure safety valvewater softener well space2.SentencesDrain system consists of three systems, which are closed drain system, open drain system and sewage dis