《英语口译章》PPT课件.ppt

Chapter 8 句子结构 Syntax of English & Chinese nEnglish: built on the SV structure n Theme (S) + Rheme (V) nChinese: built on meaning n Topic + Comment Syntax of English & Chinese nEnglish: architectural structure(营造学手法 ) n “撇开了时间顺序而着重于空间搭架先搭起 主语和主要动词两巨栋，然后运用各种关系词把 有关的材料组成各种关系词集结向这两巨栋前后 挂钩” （林同济：1980） nChinese: chronicle structure(编年史手法) n “ 偏重动词着眼，运用大量的动词结集，根 据时间顺序一一予以安排，甚至尽量省略关系词 以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果”（林同济： 1980） Clauses in English & Chinese n1. Adverbial clause of time n eg. 15 years have gone by since we last met each other. n 自从我们上次见面之后，已经过了15年时间 。 n He just came back from Hainan yesterday, where he enjoyed a relaxing holiday after the completion of his task that he had been engaged for quite some time with the company. n 他花了相当长时间完成公司的任务，结束之 后，他去海南度过非常轻松的假期，昨天才回来 。 Clauses in English & Chinese n2. Adverbial clause of reason n eg. As he was not sure what to do, he rang me for help. n 因为他不知所措，就打电话向我求助。 n We had to stay for one more day, for the flight was cancelled. n 因为航班取消了，我们不得不多呆一天。 Clauses in English & Chinese n3. Adverbial clause of condition n eg. Well go mountain climbing if it does not rain tomorrow. n 如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。 n As long as we respect each other, we can coexist in peace. n 只要我们互相尊重，就能和平共处。 Clauses in English & Chinese n4. Adverbial clause of purpose n eg. Lets work harder so that we may accomplish our task ahead of time. n 让我们更加努力工作，以便能够提前完成任 务。 n We got up and set out very early in order that we would be there on time. n 为了准时到达，我们很早就起床出发了。 Left or Right? Attributive nEnglish: head in the middle n modifiers to both sides n 修饰词+中心词+修饰词 nChinese: head at the end n modifiers to the left n 修饰词+中心词 Left or Right? Attributive n姑娘 n北京姑娘 n漂亮的北京姑娘 n年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 n身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 n两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 n正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 n正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 Left or Right? Attributive ngirls nBeijing girls npretty Beijing girls nyoung and pretty Beijing girls ntwo young and pretty Beijing girls ntwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure ntwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at us ntwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at us, smiling Syntax: Beginning or Ending? nChinese: opening beginning n closed ending nEnglish: closed (contracting) beginning n opening ending Syntax: Beginning or Ending? nThis is the malt nThat lay in the house that Jack built. nThis is the rat nThat ate the malt nThat lay in the house that Jack built. nThis is the cat nThat killed the rat nThat ate the malt nThat lay in the house that Jack built. n Syntax: Beginning or Ending? n中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会，是 我们党在新世纪召开的第一次代表大会 ，是高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯 彻“三个代表”重要思想，继往开来，与时 俱进，全面建设小康社会，加快推进社 会主义现代化，为开创中国特色社会主 义事业新局面而奋斗的一次十分重要的 代表大会。 Headache for Interpreters? nC E: 1) combine simple sentences by n using connectives n 2) move modifiers from left to right n 3) break the sentence and n paraphrase it nE C: 1) follow the structure of English n 2) break sentences with clauses n 3) translate the main clause and n subordinate clauses as separate n sentences Examples Analysis n我认为从去年11月份到现在一年时间， 在中美关系方面有两件令人鼓舞的事情 发生。 nOver the past year since last November, two encouraging things took place in Sino-US relationship. Examples Analysis n中国进入了百年以来发展最快最好的历 史时期。 nChina has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development since the beginning of the last century. Examples Analysis n今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国 人民，更需要一个长期的和平国际环境 和良好的周边环境。 nToday, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favourable neighbouring environment. Examples Analysis n十三亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展 ，对促进亚太地区及世界的稳定和发展 ，具有极其重要的意义。 nChina is a country with 1.3 billion people. Its stability and rapid development are of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia- Pacific and the world at large. Examples Analysis n哈佛大学已故的费正清（Fairbank）教授，是 毕生从事中国历史文化研究的知名学者。 nThe late Professor Fairbank of Harvard University was a well-known scholar, who devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture. nThe late Professor Fairbank was a well- known scholar from Harvard University. He devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture. Examples Analysis n中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史 文化传统。这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进 步获得发展，对今天中国人的价值观念和生活 方式具有深刻的影响。 nIn the long course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been developed with the changes of the times and social progress. These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people. Examples Analysis n我们支持发展中国家改善他们的原料、初级产 品和制成品的贸易条件，扩大销售市场，确定 公正价格等迫切要求。 nWe support the urgent demand of the developing countries for improving the trade terms for their raw materials, primary products and manufactured goods, expanding their sales market and setting fair prices. Examples Analysis nI am leaving Beijing tomorrow, heartened with the trade agreements we have reached, cheered by the frankness and fullness of our discussion, grateful for the hospitality you have accorded to our party. n我明天就要离开北京了。我们所达成的贸易协定使 我受到鼓舞，我们坦率而充实的会谈使我感到高兴 ，你们给予我们一行的款待使我十分感激。 Examples Analysis nThis visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought after to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. n这次访问给予我一直以来都向往的机会 ，亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就。 n这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人 民取得的成就。我一直向往这样的机会 。 Examples Analysis nWe welcome the interest and understanding that your country has always shown on the problems and positions taken by small and developing countries. n我们欢迎贵国对小国和发展中国家的问题以及 这些国家采取的立场所一贯表现出的关心和理 解。 n我们欢迎贵国的态度。贵国对小国和发展中国 家的问题以及这些国家采取的立场一贯表现出 了关心和理解。 n贵国对小国和发展中国家的问题以及这些国家 采取的立场一贯表现出关心和理解。对此我们 表示欢迎。 Examples Analysis nHuman rights issue is a very complicated issue drawing more and more attention from the international community. n人权问题是一个非常复杂、而且越来越 为国际社会所关注的重要问题。 n人权问题是一个非常复杂的问题。国际 社会对其越来越关注。 Examples Analysis nMr. Sutter has given an excellent and informative presentation, which very much enlightened me. n萨特先生所做的报告非常精彩，内容丰 富。我深受启发。 Examples Analysis nI want, and Chinas leaders want, the relationship between us to stand as a model of friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation between different political systems for others in our region and in the world. n我和中国领导人都希望我们的关系成为一个在 不同政治制度下进行友好互利合作的典范，成 为本地区和全世界国家关系的典范。 Examples Analysis nThe cooperation of countries with different social and economic systems and political objectives certainly contributes to safeguarding peace, for such a cooperation lessens differences and encourages peaceful coexistence. n具有不同社会和经济制度以及不同政治目标的 国家之间的合作肯定有助于维护和平，因为这 种合作能够减少分歧，促进和平共处。 Examples Analysis nTo find a parallel for the historical shift that were undergoing, the closest thing I can think of is the Han Dynasty, which most people have called “the China Renaissance” period, when creative ideas and innovations happened every day. n我们正处在一场历史变革中，与这一变革相类 似的情形，我首先想起的是汉朝，大多数人称 其为“中国的文艺复兴”，当时每天都有创造性 的观念和革新出现。 Examples Analysis nWe believe that the major development challenges facing us in the 21st century can only be met if the developing and developed countries set up a true partnership based on solidarity, on the recognition of mutual interests and sharing of responsibilities for countries at all stages of development, capable of facing the challenges posed by a growing interdependence. n我们认为要想迎接21世纪我们面临的经济发展的重大 挑战，发展中国家和发达国家应建立起一种伙伴关系 ，其基础就是不同发展阶段的国家应该团结，承认对 方的利益，分担责任。而这种伙伴关系应能够面临日 益增长的相互依存所提出的挑战。 Chapter 9 笔记技巧 Overview of Note-taking n Why take notes nWhat notes to take nHow to take notes Why do we need to take notes? nThe length of the text nFigures and proper names nProblems with memory Problems with Note-taking nDistraction nOver emphasis on the language nDifficulty with reconstruction What kind of notes? nNote-taking for interpretation vs. Dictation nNote-taking for interpretation vs. Classroom note-taking nNote-taking for interpretation vs. Shorthand outlines Features of Notes for Interpreting nTime-effectiveness nSimplicity nIndividuality Equipment for Note-taking nPen nNote pad Tactics for Note-taking nNarrow columns nClear endings nMore lines, fewer characters nLarge font, with lots of white space nEffective symbols and abbreviations Reference reading: n口译：理论 技巧 实践 技巧讲解篇: 4、口译笔记的技巧 Chapter 10 动态与静态 View of Lin Tongji (林同济) n “ 动词对任何语言来讲，都是重要的，在汉语 中尤为突出。展开一篇汉语作品，略与英语作 品相较，我们马上可以发觉：前者的动词频率 ，往往远远超过后者。” n “最堪注意的是汉语并没有把动词的高度频率 视为负担。正相反，汉语的发展方向无疑是加 强动词的优势。” n eg. Hard pressed by his father, John told the truth in spite of his wifes warning. n 约翰被他老子追急了，也就顾不得老婆的叮 嘱，说出了真情实事。 Two Reasons: n1) Lack of prepositions and no particles at all in Chinese. n2) Chronicle style in Chinese vs. Architectural style in English nChinese language verb advantage in usage nEnglish language noun advantage in usage Dynamic vs. Stative n eg. He is a chain-smoker of cigarettes. (stative) n He smokes cigarettes one after another. (dynamic) n There are white clouds in the blue sky. (stative) nWhite clouds are floating in the blue sky. (dynamic) nEnglish: noun advantage n high frequency of noun usage n stative narration nChinese: verb advantage n high frequency of verb usage n dynamic narration Examples Analysis nIn the cities there were strict curfews, empty hotels, abandoned streets and office buildings, looters, trigger-happy patrols, and all the rest. (War and Remembrance, by Herman Wouk) n各处城市都严格实行宵禁，饭店旅社都已人去 楼空，大街小巷行人绝迹，办公大楼门可罗雀 ，歹徒趁火打劫，巡逻队动辄开枪杀人。完全 是一派兵荒马乱景象。 Examples Analysis nEisenhower later recalled, when McArthur felt slighted he was capable of expressing himself in “an explosive denunciation of politics, bad manners, bad judgment, broken promise, arrogance, unconstitutionality, insensitivity, and the way the world had gone to hell. (The Glory and the Dream, by William Manchester) n埃森豪威尔后来回忆往事时说，只要麦克阿瑟 感到有人对他不够尊重，就“发起脾气来，破口 大骂人家好耍权术，不懂礼貌，乱出主意，出 尔反尔，目中无人，违反宪法，神经迟钝，麻 木不仁，如今世道真是见鬼”等等。 Examples Analysis n夸奖一回，奉承一回，把老太太的心都 说活了。（红楼梦） nAll their praise and flattery are having some effect on the old lady. Examples Analysis n当时一个朋友对我说，北京戏最好，你 不去见见世面吗？（社戏） nA friend told me Beijing had the best opera that seeing it was an experience not to be missed. Examples Analysis n他老是说谎。 n他酷爱流行音乐。 n他不抽烟，也不喝酒。 n他演戏演得很棒。 n他文章写得很好。 n他经常参观博物馆。 n他最会捣乱。 n他很不合群。 n他喜欢胡思乱想。 Examples Analysis n从秦代到清末的二千一百多年间，哈雷彗星出 现二十七次，中国都有记录。 nIn the 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, Halley Comet appeared 27 times and they were all recorded in China. nIn the 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China. Examples Analysis n这充分说明，中国人独立自主的民族精 神具有巨大的力量。 nThis fully testifies that the independent national spirit of the Chinese people has tremendous strength. nThis is a full testimony to the tremendous strength of the independent national spirit of the Chinese people. Examples Analysis n扫除了这些障碍，中美关系就可以更好地发展 ，可以给双方带来更大的经济利益。 nIf these barriers are cleared away, Sino-US relations can be better developed, and both sides can get more economic benefits from it. nRemoval of these obstacles can lead to better development of Sino-US relations and more economic benefits for both sides. Examples Analysis n中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，廉价劳 动力充裕，税收低，消费者市场不断增 长，基础设施不断完善。 nChina boasts vast territory, abundant natural resources, rich inexpensive labour, low taxation, a growing consumer market and improving infrastructure. Examples Analysis n我们不能不看到发展中国家与发达国家之间的 经济差距在继续扩大，发展中国家的经济状况 也很不平衡。 nOne cannot but notice the widening economic gap between the developing and developed countries and the general imbalance in the economic situation among the developing countries themselves. Examples Analysis n当前国际经济关系中的一个重要特点是南北经 济差距仍在扩大。发展问题也就是南北问题， 它直接关系到世界和平与各国的稳定。 nThe present world economic relations can be characterized by the widening economic gap between the North and the South. The question of development is the question between the North and the South, which directly bears upon world peace and stability of each country. nOne of the crucial features in the current international economic relations lies in the expanding economic gap between the North and South. The question of development actually is the question between the North and South, which is directly associated with world peace and the stability of each country Examples Analysis n随着本地区经济的蓬勃发展，亚太区域 的经贸联系日益密切，经贸合作不断加 强。 nThe booming regional economic development will lead to increasingly closer economic and trade ties as well as ever stronger cooperation in this regard in the Asia Pacific Region. Examples Analysis n我们希望亚太各国密切合作，共同繁荣 。 nWe hope to see closer cooperation and common prosperity of all countries in Asia-Pacific. Examples Analysis n近年来，发展中国家的贸易条件更加恶化，出 口收入锐减，生产投资萎缩，债务负担沉重， 甚至连续多年出现资金从穷国向富国倒流的现 象。 nThe recent years have seen worsening terms of trade, plummeting export earnings, dwindling production investment and heavy debt burdens. There has even been the reverse capital flow from poor to rich countries for many years running. Examples Analysis n尽管中国与澳大利亚社会制度有差异，在某些 问题上存在一些分歧，但只要双方本着互相尊 重，彼此信任的精神，就能长期友好，平等合 作，共同发展。 nDespite the differences between China and Australia in social systems and views on some issues, the two countries can carry out long-term friendly and equal cooperation and seek common development as long as we start out from the spirit of mutual respect and trust. Examples Analysis nEvery state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. n每个国家是需要用什么来保卫自己国家 安全的最好判断者。 n每个国家自己才能最好地判断需要用什 么来保卫自己的国家安全。 Examples Analysis nThe Chairman of the Working Group has given a report on the work of the group. n工作小组的主席就小组的工作作了报告 。 n工作小组的主席汇报了该组的工作。 Examples Analysis nI hope my presence here tonight is further proof of the importance we in Britain attach to the relation with your great country. n我希望我今晚在此的出席是对于英国对与贵国 这一伟大国度的关系所给予的重要性的又一证 明。 n我希望我今晚到这里来，可以进一步证明，我 们英国重视和你们伟大的国家的关系。 Examples Analysis nMany people came as both businessmen and tourists and their visits help boom our tourism and improve the quality of our service. n不少人既来做生意，又来观光，从而促 进了我国旅游事业的发展和服务质量的 提高。 Examples Analysis nAll this reflects the desire of many governments for a range of opportunities to push forward regional economic development. n这些情况反映出许多政府希望利用一系 列机会推动地区经济发展。 Examples Analysis nThe past few years have seen an increasing interest in integration arrangements centering on common markets, customs unions or free trade areas. n过去几年中，人们对建立以共同市场、 关税联盟或自由贸易区为中心的一体化 ，兴趣大大增加。 Examples Analysis nAt the same time, there has been a notable expansion of trade and of cultural exchanges between our two countries. n与此同时，我们两国之间的贸易和文化 交流也在显著增长。 Examples Analysis nIn our country, we follow with interest the efforts of your people to make China a modern and great power. n我国人民饶有兴趣地观察着贵国人民正 在为使中国成为一个现代化的强国而努 力。 Examples Analysis nThe extent of my visit symbolizes my Governments awareness of the importance of the modernization taking place here and the implications of that for our relationship. n我此次访问的范围很广。这表明我国政 府认识到中国正在进行的现代化建设的 重要性及其对两国关系可能产生的影响 。 Examples Analysis nReliance on market forces and competitiveness and the fostering of entrepreneurial initiative, have become common features of the pursuit of economic efficiency. n依靠市场力量和竞争，促进企业进取精 神，在追求经济效率的过程中，这些已 成为共同特点。 Examples Analysis nAn important characteristics of current international economic relations is the aggravation of North-South contradictions and the widening of their economic gap. The majority of the developing countries remain confronted with such difficulties as crushing debt burden, negative flow of financial resources and worsening terms of trade. n目前，国际经济关系中的一个重要特点是南北 矛盾更加突出，经济差距仍在扩大。大多数发 展中国家继续面临着债务负担过重，资金倒流 严重和贸易条件恶化等困难。 Chapter 11 主动与被动 Active vs. Passive n They arrived at the summit on the fifth day. n The fifth day saw them at the summit. n (Halliday) n A behavioral pattern vs. A psychological pattern nWhat people have done to the world vs. What the world reflects of peoples behaviour Active vs. Passive n 一进房间他就闻到了一股浓烈的花香。 n 一进房间一股浓烈的花香扑鼻而来。 nPsychological process of apperception vs. The role of the real world on apperception Active Voice vs. Passive Voice n Voice enables us to look at actions in a sentence from two perspectives, without any change to the fact. n(Quirk) eg. The butler murdered the master. The master was murdered by the butler. Active Voice vs. Passive Voice n Passive the opposite of Active n(J. Vendryes) Active voice emphasizes the action itself. Passive voice emphasizes the condition after the action is taken. Active Voice vs. Passive Voice neg. My brother broke the teapot. n(active, dynamic) n The teapot was broken by my brother. n(passive, condition of the teapot) n The teapot was broken. n(passive, condition) n The teapot is broken. n(passive, stative) English vs. Chinese nEnglish: 1) more variations of verb forms n 2) clear division between man and n nature n 3) distinction between being subjective n and objective n 4) no strong need to emphasize doer nChinese: 1) few variations of verb forms n 2) unity of man and nature n 3) no clear distinction between being n subjective and objective n 4) always emphasizes doer Examples Analysis: n 1. 我生于北京，在广州参加工作。 n I was born in Beijing, and joined the workforce in Guangzhou. n I was born in Beijing, and got employed in Guangzhou. n 2. 老虎被 他们打死了。 n 老虎被打死了。 n 老虎打死了。 Passive Voice: A Closer Look n1. Syntactic Passive: n passive voice in the form and structure as being passive n 2. Notional Passive n passive voice not in the form and structure as being passive, but offering a passive notion n(Jesperson) Syntactic Passive n1. 施动者方面的原因 n 1）说不清施动者 n eg. Tom was killed in World War 2. n 2）不必说出施动者 n eg. China fought against Russia in the womens volleyball match and Russia was beaten. n 3）不愿意说出施动者 n eg. Some rude comments on the plan were made at the board meetin