初中英语专项练习：名词.doc

1 名词名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：|专有名词 | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | 可数名词| | | 集体名词 | |普通名词 | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | 不可数名词| | 抽象名词 | |1.1 名词复数的规则变化_情况 构成方法 读音例词_一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags读 /z/;car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加 -es 读 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses_以辅音字母+y 变y 为i结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/baby-babies_1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较： 层楼：storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 1.3 名词复数的不规则变化1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman 是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可 以说 a person， a policeman， a head of cattlethe English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼1.4 不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数)We need various steels.(可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2） 抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice一条建议1.5 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child1.6 不同国家的人的单复数名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the AustraliansanAustralian two Australians俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes1.7 名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3） 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。 如：Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：a month or twos absence考点拾遗之一名词里的双面词别以为1就是单数，比1多就是复数，英语中名词的单复数可没那么简单，不信你就看看下面的内容，你究竟掌握了多少？1.可单可复的集体名词a.被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念，如：His family was well known in their town.他的家庭在家乡是名门望族。b.集体名词被看作若干个体时，具有复数概念，如：His family are waiting for him.他的家人正在等着他。c.集体名词表示多个集体时，也有规则的复数形式，如：Our village is made up of 300 families.我们村有300户人家。2.具有两种复数形式的名词a.fish在表示鱼的数量时，单数和复数同形；在表示鱼的种类时，复数为fishes.My cat had two little fish for lunch.我的猫午餐吃了两条鱼。You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake.你在湖里可以看见很多种鱼。b.people在表示“人、人民”时是复数意义；在表示“民族”时，为普通名词，其复数为peoples.We want two more people for help.我们还需要两个人帮忙。There are 56 peoples in China.中国有56个民族。c.只有复数形式的名词有些名词只有复数形式，不能被具体的数字修饰，如：trousers裤子clothes衣服shorts短裤goods商品glasses眼镜3.既可数又不可数的名词（1）用作物质名词（不可数）用作个体名词（可数）glass玻璃a glass一只玻璃杯paper纸a paper一份报纸（一篇论文）iron铁an iron一个熨斗wood木头a wood一片树林（2）用作抽象名词（不可数）用作个体名词（可数）beauty美a beauty一个美人youth青春a youth一个年轻人room for improvement改进的空间three rooms三个房间4.并不绝对的不可数名词不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。但不可数名词可以借助单位词表示一定的数量，如：a glass of water一杯水a cup of tea一杯茶a loaf of bread一块面包a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶a piece of chalk一支粉笔a tin of pork一个猪肉罐头a piece of advice一项忠告a game of chess一盘棋考点拾遗之二名词所有格1.构成方法（1）一般在原有名词词尾加“s”，如：Marys father玛丽的爸爸Jacks family杰克的家庭（2）如果原有名词是复数，词尾带有-s，则只加一个“”，如：teachers office教师办公室workers home工人之家常考点：如果表示两人共有的概念，则只在第二名词词尾加“s”，如：Lucy and Lilys room表示露希和莉莉共有一个房间。比较：These rooms are Lucys and Lilys.表示露希和莉莉各有一个房间。（3）凡是不能加s的名词，都可以用of构成短语表示所有关系，如：Whats the color of her hair？她的头发是什么颜色？It is a picture of my family.这是一张我的全家福。注意：有些s和of结构可以互换Chinas long history=the long history of Chinathe trees branches=the branches of the tree2.使用范围名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词，但也可以用于以下名词：（1）表示时间的名词，如：a days journey一天的旅程todays newspaper今天的报纸（2）表示自然现象的名词，如：the trees branches树枝the moons rays月光（3）表示国家、城市等的名词，如：Chinas long history中国悠久的历史the citys parks城市的公园（4）表示人的群体的名词，如：the ships crew船上的工作人员the companys new factory公司的新工厂（5）表示度量衡及价值的名词，如：a miles distance一英里的距离twenty dollars value 20美元的价值（6）表示机构的名词，如：the hotels entrance旅馆的入口the schools headmaster学校的校长3.双重所有格把of所有格和s所有格结合在一起、表示所有关系的结构，就构成了名词的双重所有格。（1）表示不特定的所有关系，如：a friend of my fathers我父亲的一个朋友several cousins of Marys玛丽的几个表兄妹（2）表示特殊情感，如：That car of Peters is very nice.彼得的车确实很好。Look at the picture， the picture of a lovely babys.看看那张画，就是那张可爱宝宝的画练习1.( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7 On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato2( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him:_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 4 I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4( )1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( ) 3 In the picture there are many_ and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( ) 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room6( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods( ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 3I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works7( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park( ) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples8( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV_.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair9( ) 1 There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher( ) 2 There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers( ) 3 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers. A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor10( ) 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters( ) 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop ,C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop( ) 4 She broke a_while she was washing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass( ) 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number111. September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day( ) 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, its under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms12( ) 1 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys( ) 2 This is my_dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys( ) 3 He went to _ shop to buy a shirt.A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors( ) 4 Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister13( ) 1 In a few_ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years C. years D. years( ) 2 Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes( ) 3 The post office is a bit far from here. Its about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk( ) 4 Half_ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds14( ) 1 _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows D. The windows in room( ) 2 Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park( ) 3 The workers are repairing_.A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the house C. roof of the house D. this roof of house15( ) 1 Miss Smith is a friend of_.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers( ) 2 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her D. him( ) 3 The post c