苏教版初二英语Unit5知识概要.docx

八上Unit5一、 重要单词用法1 名词：dish一道菜；盘；碟子 pity同情 zebra斑马 beginning开始，起初 result结果 danger危险 action行为；行动 law法律 while一会儿；一段时间 living生存；生计 human人 shame憾事；羞愧 illness疾病 report报告 tail尾巴2 动词：die死 mean意思是，意味着 face面对；面临 save储存；节省 kill杀死 sell卖，出售 act行动，表演 accept接受，收受 move活动，移动，搬迁3 形容词：free自由的，不受拘束的 closed关闭的 lost迷路的，迷失的 sorry难过的，遗憾的 thick厚的；密的；浓的 4 副词：sadly令人遗憾地，不幸地；伤心地 slowly缓慢地 5 代词：none没有一个人或物6 兼类词wild adj. 野生的 n. 自然环境，野生状态二、 常见词组1. no way不可能2. have /take pity on 同情，怜悯3. in fact实际上，事实上4. call sb. sth. 把某人叫做5. be born出生，出世6. look like看起来像7. for the first time第一次8. not any more不再9. in the beginning一开始10. learn to look after oneself学会照料自己11. face serious problems面临严重的问题12. in the wild在野外13. live on以为食14. as a result因此15. in danger处境危险16. take action采取行动17. right away立刻，马上18. at birth出生时，诞生时19. work out计算出，解答20. with the help of在帮助下21. get lost迷路22. for a short while很短的一段时间23. because of因为三、 经典句型1. So could you please not eat them? 所以请你不要吃它们好吗？2. I may die without them.没有它们我可能会死的。3. When Xi Wang was born, she weighed just 100 grams.当希望出生时，她的体重只有100克。4. Eight months later, she was not a small baby any more.八个月之后，她就不再是个小宝宝了。5. At four months old, she weighed about eight kilograms and started to go outside for the first time.在4个月大时，她的体重大约8千克，并开始走出去。6. It is very difficult for pandas to have babies.对于熊猫来说，生宝宝很困难。7. We shouldnt buy fur coats any more.我们再也不应该购买皮外套。8. I think everybody should act to protect wild animals.我认为，每个人都应该保护野生动物。9. Bears move around slowly in the daytime.熊在白天四处游荡。10. Otherwise, there may be no bears left in the world.否则，世上可能会没有熊了。四、 要点解析1. What a pity! 多遗憾啊！Its a pity that 真遗憾！2. die from和die of的区别1） die from意为“因而死”，一般指死于某个事故、地震、创伤、饥饿等外界因素。2） die of 意为“因而死”，一般指死于疾病、年老、劳累、寒冷、悲哀失望等来自内部的原因。3. at four months old=when she was four months old*表达“在岁时”可用；“at +阿拉伯数字”或“at the age of+阿拉伯数字”4. notanymore和notany longer的区别1) not any more相当于no more，用于表示数量和程度上的“不再”，常修饰短暂性动词，指某动作不再重复发生，它所表达的是never again或“没有更多”的含义.2) Not any longer相当于no longer,表示时间或距离上的“不再”，旨在对现在的情况和过去的情况加以比较，所以多用于现在时。它一般修饰延续性动词，表示某个动作或状态不再延续下去。5. If的用法1） if意为“如果”，主句用将来时，if从句用一般现在时表示将来。2） if=whether,意为“是否”，引导宾语从句。6. 针对how many/much的问句回答，表示没有时用none,不用nothing或nobody。7. Do可作助动词，后接动词原形，用来加强语气。8. The sameas，和一样的9. catch up with赶上，追上10. receive和accept的区别receive和accept都可表示“收到，接收”。但receive仅是表示收到，接不接受是另一回事，而accept 表示主观上的“接受”五、 语法解析一）情态动词May的用法1. 表示“许可、准许、请求许可”，此时与 can 同义，可以互换使用。 如：You may / can go to the cinema this evening. 你今晚可以去看电影。注意： 许可对方时，其答语可以用 Yes，you may. 但由于用 may 作肯定回答，语气显得生硬、严肃，因而一般常用 Yes， please. / Certainly. / Of course. 等。这些肯定答语显得热情、客气。如： May I use your ruler？ 我可以用一下你的尺子吗？ Certainly. Here you are. 当然可以。给你。拒绝对方时，其答语可以用 No，you mustnt. / No，you cant. 或 Sorry，you cant. / No，please dont. 等说法。如： May I watch TV now？ 现在我可以看电视吗？ No，you mustnt. 不，不可以。2. 表示可能性，意思为“可能、也许”，常用在肯定句中。 如：He may know you. 他可能认识你。The may go to the Great Wall next week. 他们可能下周去长城。注意： 在否定句中一般不用 may not ，常用 cant 表示“不可能”may not” 可能不 ， can not不可能例如：He cant be at home tonight. 今晚他不可能在家。He may not come 今晚她可能不来He can t come。今晚他不回来3. 用于特殊疑问句中，表示不确定，常可译为“会”。 如：Who may call me at night？ 谁会在晚上给我打电话呢？4. 表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。 如：May you have a good time. 祝你过得愉快。May you be happy！ 祝你幸福！二）动词不定式用法梳理动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。不定式保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语等一起构成短语，叫作不定式短语。*用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如：1. I t is our duty to try our best to deal with these problems.2.The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. 3.How to learn English well is important. 4.To see is to believe.(眼见为实；百闻不如一见)*用作表语动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：1.The best way is to join an English club.2.The first thing is to listen to the teacher carefully. *用作宾语1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求/选择/同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望/决定/学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可/假装/知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望/想要/愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：1) We decided to talk to some students about why they go there. 2) He prefers to eat white bread and rice.3) Id love to visit Mexico.2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell.，介词结构on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如：1) Could you please tell me where to park my car?2) It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. 3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语动词不定式，句子结构是 .feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。如：I find it difficult to remember everything. 4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：1)Then I started to watch TV.2)Im beginning to understand my parents.begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。3)I like to eat vegetables. #感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如：1) When I left home, I forgot to bring it with me.2) I stopped using them last year. *用作定语1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系.1) I have so many clothes to wash today.2) I cant think of any good advice to give her. 3) We have no houses to live in.2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：1)He needs time to do homework.2) He wants to know the best way to travel around the city.3.在“there be.”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象：1) There s just so much to see and do here.2). but there are still many things to do there.*用作宾语补足语1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有：要求/允许/提议(ask, allow, , advise)，期望/邀请/鼓励(expect, , invite, encourage)，教导/告诉/想要(teach, tell, want)，等待/希望/愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：1) Id invite her to have dinner at my house.2) We should allow the children to choose their own clothes. 2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：1)This picture makes me feel excited！2) We saw Liu Yu play baseball last week.3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。1) They can help you to learn English.2) Using email English helps you write quickly. *用作状语1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：1) In order to catch the early bus, she got up very early.2) A group of young people got together to discuss this question. 3) She came to this city to visit her daughter.2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。如：1) I feel very lucky to have him.2) He ran out of money to buy old bikes. 3.结果状语，多见于“too.to”，“enough to.”结构句中。如：1) Im too tired to do it well. 2) The room is big enough for three people to live in.*动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，前面如果是名词用for。如：1) Its a good idea for parents to allow children to study in groups during the evening. 2) Its wise of him to do it well.3) Is it interesting for the baby to play with a pet dog?*带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：1.用作句子的成分。1) I dont know what to try next. (作宾语)2) Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。1) What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?2) Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?*动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：1. They decide not to talk to each other.2. His parents tell him never to play soccer in the street. 非谓语动词总结*后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况1.动词： finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；practice doing sth. 练习做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事； keep doing sth.持续做某事2.固定短语： feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间（金钱）做某事； have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难；have fun doing.做某事高兴3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)如：be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；stop sb. from doing sth.；do well in doing sth.；be afraid of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead of；be fond of4.to作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth与相比较更喜欢； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；make a contribution to为做贡献*后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况1.动词：agree to do同意去做；afford to do买得起；decide to do决定去做某事；hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做；fail to do做某事失败去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假装去做； refuse to do拒绝去做；would like to do想要去做；want to do想要去做某事；learn to do 学做；prefer to do sth. 喜欢（爱）做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做；used to do sth. 过去常做某事2.句型. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事（或不要做某事）be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋 be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事（对某人来说）怎么样Its +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事（常考）Its best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了too(for sb.) to 太以致不能 =not enough to do prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿（常考）something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西（词不定式放在something等后修饰这些Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易take turns to do sth. 轮流做There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对（某人来说）没时间做某事了There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事try/do ones best to do sth. 尽力去做某事*后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况： 1、后加