初中英语语法概述.doc

初中英语语法概述1、 同步知识梳理电影碟中谍4在世界最高楼-迪拜塔拍摄的场景 喂，你说这帅锅爬这么高的楼他害不害怕呀？我哪知道，我对帅锅不感兴趣，我只想知道这么高的楼，是怎么盖成的呀？摩天大楼都是由钢筋和一块块砖瓦共同建造起来的，即使有再多的砖瓦，没有钢筋，不管几层楼都建不成，更不要说是摩天大楼了。同理，英语学习也是一样。我们可以做个类比： 英语 语法 词汇 += 砖瓦 钢筋摩天大楼 = +由此类比可知，如果把英语比作一栋摩天大楼，那语法就是钢筋，词汇就是一块块的砖瓦，缺少了语法，光有词汇的堆砌，是不能进行正确的英语表达的。所以，同学们，请拒绝“Broken English”！用心去建造我们自己的语言大楼吧！在正式动工之前，我们需要先开启英语语法学习之旅。知识点1：语法概说语言通常包括三部分，即语音、词汇和语法。语法，简单的说就是一套系统并完善的语言规则，即按照这种我们可以将词汇串联起来构成句子。 语言 语音 词汇 语法知识点2：英语语法的构成 词法主要研究词类性质、词形变化以及词的用法。英语语法 句法主要研究句子种类和结构。知识点3：词法的相关概念Diagram1. 英语的词类及其划分哈哈，看我会72变已经很厉害了吧！原来比我还能变的是英语单词啊！1英语中主要有十大词类，分别是名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。2. 词形变化同学们，英语中大部分的词汇用在具体语境中都会“变身”哦！2 动词第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词.1 名词 单复数变化4数词基数词序数词3 代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词.6. 冠词不定冠词定冠词零冠词5.形容词、副词原级比较级最高级知识点4：句法的相关概念1. 句子的成分主语、谓语（主谓一致原则） 宾语、表语、定语、 状语、补足语句子成分 主要成分 次要成分2. 句子的分类结构上功能上 陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句简单句并列句复合句 二、同步例题分析知识点1：词法题例1：（13.南京.1 ）-Do you know Mo Yan?-Of course. He won the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature _B_ the age of 57. A. in B. at C. on D. to 例2：（13.常州.1 ）-Have you got any books on English grammar? I want to borrow_A_. -Yes, here you are. But you must return it by Friday. A one B it C some D that例3：（13.苏州.7 ）Paul made a nice cage _D_the little sick bird till it could fly Akeep Bkept Ckeeping Dto keep例4：（13.南京.4 ）Lindas father hates waiting in long lines. I think hes just not very _A_.A. patient B. talented C. popular D. powerful知识点2：句法题例1：（13.南京.9 ）-_D_ weather it is! We cant go boating on the Xuanwu Lake. -Dont worry. Lets go to the Science Museum instead. A. What good B. How good C. How bad D. What bad例2：（13.常州.9 ）-How soon will you start your journey? -Im not sure. I havent decided _B_. A when shall I ask the boss for leave B where I will go to spend the holiday C whether I would go by train or by plane D who could invite me to go例3：（13.南京.7 ）There _C_ still some apple juice in the fridge. Its not necessary for us to go to the supermarket now.A. was B. were C. is D. Are 3、 课堂达标检测检测题1：-Excuse me, is there _B_ book by Mo Yan? -Yes. Its on _ bookshelf over there. A. a; / B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a 检测题2：-Wow! Youve got so many clothes. -But _D_ of them are in fashion now. A. all B. both C. neither D. None检测题3：If I am wanted in the telephone, ask him to leave a _A_. A. message B. letter C. diary D.sentence检测题4：My grandmother _B_ in Yangzhou. She was born there and has never lived anywhere else. A. lived B. lives C. was living D. will live检测题5：-Could you tell me_D_? -More than a year.A. how soon will Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport be builtB. how long has Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport been in serviceC. how soon Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport will be builtD. how long Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport has been in service检测题6：Eagle Father was so_D_ with his son that he kept the four-year-old son running in the snow without clothes. A. leased B. sorry C. careful D. strict检测题7：-Ill go to the USA next month. -_D_ for? A. Why B. How C. Which D. What初中英语语法考点（词法和句法）1、 专题精讲 语法考点一： 词法考点 知识点1：名词名词名词的格名词分类s 格 of格双重所有格普通名词专有名词可数名词不可数名词用以表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念的名称。批注：名词是英语中一大实词，是中考中的重要考点。前几年的中考中，名词的考察偏重单复数、名词所有格等考点，但是近几年的趋势是重点考察名词词义的辨析。例1：（13.南京）Mr White, the principal, has made a great _A_ to the growth of the school. A. contribution B. progress C. invention D. protection例2：（12.南京）Justin Biebers first single, One Time, is about one of his favourite _(topic),puppy time. 解析：该题考查名词的单复数问题，选项中出现了one of.的固定句型，答案是topics。例3：（12.苏州）I am sure Cindy will be able to find the hotel-she has a pretty good_D_of direction Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense知识点2：代词批注：近五年中考对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词上，主要考察它们的含义和相互间的功能差别，所以需要掌握这一点，排除语境干扰。代词人称代词：主格和宾格物主代词：形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词反身代词指示代词疑问代词不定代词普通不定代词复合不定代词例1：（12.南京）Peter is so imaginative that most students recommend _ (他) as the chairperson of the Science Club. 例2：（12.扬州）A latest Yangzhou Daily, please!Only one copy left. Would you like to have _B_ ,sir?A. one B. it C. this D. that例3：（13.南京) -Hi, guys. How was your party yesterday? -Wonderful! We had a big meal and enjoyed _D_.A. themselves B. myself C. yourselves D. ourselves例4：（13.无锡）How long does it take to get to the airport?Forty minutes. But its foggy today. Im not sure A the highway will closes soon. Lets set off earlier.A. whetherB. whenC. howD. why冠词定冠词the不定冠词a,an零冠词（不用冠词）与this,that,these,those同源，表示特定的人或物，用作特指，意即“这个/那个/这些/那些。”用于单数名词前，与one同源，表示微弱的“一”的概念，用于泛指事物。知识点3：冠词例1：（12.南京） What do you want to be when you grow up? I want to be _A_social worker. Many people are in great need of our help. A. a B. an C. the D.不填例2：（11.南京） 一What do you usually have for _D_ breakfast，Peter? 一A fried egg，three pieces of bread and a glass of milk Aa Ban C the D不填例3：（13.苏州） 一Hurry up，or well be late 一Take your timeits just_short distance from here to_C_cinema A；the Bthe；a Ca；the D；a知识点4：数词批注：在近几年的中考题中，数词基本要占到一分的分值，经常出现在单词的适当形式填空题型中。变化规则以及各自的用法基数词数词序数词例1：（13.南京）The Eiffel Tower, a cultural icon of France, was completed at the end of the (nineteen) century.（12.南京）I got a new bicycle from my father on my (sixteen)birthday. I like it very much.解析：上面两题考查的都是序数词的基本用法，答案分别是nineteenth, sixteenth. 例2：（13.常州）-Excuse me, how far is the museum? -Only _(三) stops away.（13.扬州）Jims parents will celebrate their years of marriage this Sunday.（四十）解析：上面两题考查的都是基数词的基本用法，答案分别是three，forty. 知识点5：介词时间介词方位介词 介词地点介词介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配例1：（13.无锡）Ice is not often seen here in winter as the temperature normally stays C zero.A. upB. downC. aboveD. below例2：（11.南京）The wedding of Prince William was held in Westminster Cathedral _C_ April 29, 2011 Aat Bin Con Dby例3：（13苏州）Sandy is a real book lover and she often brings home many books to read_D_ the library Ain Bfor Cby DFrom知识点6：连词 连词常用连词辨析连词分类when, whileso.that, such.that. and, orhowever, butbecause.并列连词从属连词连词也属虚词，用来连接词与词、句子与句子，不能单独用。连接同一性质，有着相同语法功能的词。在句中表联合、选择、转折、因果关系。连接不同性质并具有主从关系的两部分的连词，常引导状语从句和名词从句。批注：关于连词这一考点其实是渗透在后面的句法考点中的，这里只做概念上的了解。基础好的学生可以做补充。例1：(13.南京) -Finish your homework _D_ you cant play computer games, Jim. -All right, Mum.A. but B. till C. and D. or例2：（11.南京)They will try their best in the Dragon Boat Racing _B_ they may fail Aif Balthough Cunless Duntil例3：（13.玄武一模） They speak perfect English. How long have they learnt it? _A_ they were seven years old. A. Since B. When C. After D. Until知识点7：形容词和副词批注：形容词和副词的考点往往是联系在一起的，它们的用法有区别也有联系，当然也可以相互转化。在教授时，建议将两者进行比较讲解。形容词副词三级跳：原级、比较级、最高级变化规则：+er/est, +r/st, 双写+er/est, 去y加ier/iest, 前加more/the most形容词变副词的变化规则：+ly, 去y加ily, le变为ly.特殊形式：以ly结尾的形容词例1：（13.无锡）What do you think of his new design? Its of even C practical value than the old one. Hes just a bookworm!A. greaterB. greatC. lessD. little例2：（13.南京）Miss Li is a kind teacher and she always talks to us (gentle).解析：该题考查的是形容词和副词的相互转化。答案是gently。 例3：（13.苏州）Peter speaks Chinese well indeed，but of course not _A_a local speaker in China Aso fluently as Bmore fluent than Cas fluent as Dmuch fluently than知识点8：动词批注：学好动词是英语学习的关键，中考中很多题型都涉及到动词的用法。掌握好动词的运用，我们就能在中考中得到较为重要的作用。这里要特别强调学好动词的重要性。近几年考动词词义辨析的题目变多，需引起注意。1、八种时态及用法2、五种基本形式3、被动语态4、主动语态和被动语态的转换5、使役动词的用法行为动词系动词助动词情态动词动词的时态和语态动词的种类 动词 非谓语动词动词不定式动名词分词：现在分词和过去分词例1：（13.南京）-Millie, where is Miss Li?-She _C_ a speech on Chinese art to the first-year students in the hall.A. gives B. gave C. is giving D. has given例2： （13.南京）Its said that an Asian Culture Village_C_ inside the AYG Village in Nanjing in the coming Asian Youth Games period.A. builds B. is building C. will be built D. was built 例3：（12.南京） Have you decided which senior high school to choose? Not yet. I _B_ go to Moonlight School. A. must B. may C. need D. should例4：(13.无锡) There was a fire in the hotel around midnight last Friday. Luckily, it was soon D .A. turned onB. turned offC. put on D. put out知识点9：构词法批注：此部分概念只做了解，但是要提醒学生转换词是中考考试的重点。派生词 词根外来词构词分类合成词缩合词转化词不可再拆分，+词缀构成新词词根+词缀原词转变词性从两个或多个词中各取一部分构成新词由其他语言舶来两个独立词相加语法考点二： 句法考点知识点1：简单句批注：这部分考点中，疑问句、祈使句以及感叹句是考试的重点。特别是感叹句，是近几年考的较多的一点。简单句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句肯定句否定句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句祈使句的结构祈使句的否定改反意疑问句What引导的感叹句How引导的感叹句例1：（13. 苏州）_A_a beautiful car! Ive never seen it beforeA What BWhich CHow DWhether例2：（13. 扬州）-Jim, _A_ read books while you are walking in the street. Its very dangerous. -OK, thank you. A. dont B. doesnt C. wont D. cant知识点2：并列句并列句1、 结构：简单句+并列连词+简单句2、 常见连词：and/but/or/so/for批注：该考点近几年考察的较少。例1：（10. 南京） - I dont think your uncle really likes drama series. - No, _D_ he still watches the programme. A. and B. so C. or D. but知识点3：复合句批注：近几年的中考题中出现较多的是宾语从句、状语从句考点。部分城市会考定语从句，但都是简单的关系副词和关系代词的区分。1、 主句与从句时态一致2、 语序3、 引导词4、 否定前移5、 直接引语和间接引语原因状语从句关系代词的用法宾语从句时间状语从句关系副词的用法复合句定语从句条件状语从句状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句地点状语从句让步状语从句例1：（12. 南京）Peter，is there anything else you want to know about China?Yes，I am still wondering _C_ .A. how is Chinese paper cut madeB. how was the Great Wall built in ancient timesC. why the Chinese people like to play the dragon danceD. why do the Chinese people eat rice dumplings at Dragon Boat Festival （11.南京）Most children are interested in amazing things, and they wonder _D_Awhen can they see UFOs Bhow can elephants walk on tiptoeCwhy do fish sleep with their eyes openDwhy there is no plant life without lightning例2：（12. 无锡） The old theatre will close soon _D_ extra donations are made. A. so B. if C.because D. Unless例3：（13. 鼓楼二模）When are you going to fly to Taiwan this summer? _D_ we finish school. It will be a great holiday.A. Because B. Since C. Even though D. Only if例4：After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _B_ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 解析：该题考查复合句中的限定性定语从句。先行词the small town 放入从句为he grew up in the small town as a child. 先行词短语结构在从句中作地点状语，相关意思引导词，固定关系引导词用where, 随意性关系引导词用in which。 答案选B.二、专题过关检测题（一）：词法过关1）单项选择1. Now all of us exercise at _D_least _ hour a day in and outside school.A. the; a B. a, an C. 不填; a D.不填; an2.In some western countries shops are closed_C_ weekends. A. in B. to C. at D. with3. Every time we perform well, our teacher, will say _B_, Youve done a good job!A. clearly B. cheerfully C. calmly D. carefully4. Would you like some juice or bread? _A_. Im really thirsty and hungry after such a long walk. A. Both B. Either C. Nothing D. None 5. The students are_B_ the leaflets to people over there to ask them to protect our earth. A. printing out B. giving out C. selling out D. putting out6. We couldnt find you anywhere around 8:00 yesterday evening. Im sorry for it. My mother and I C in the square. A. danced B. will danceC. were dancing D. are dancing7. Can I walk across the road now, mum? No, you_C_. You have to wait until the light turns green. A. couldnt B. shouldnt C. mustnt D. neednt8. Bob often says that swimming is _A_ than hiking in reducing weight, but he always spends more time on swimming. A. less useful B. less interesting C. more useful D. more interesting2）用所给词的正确形式填空1. The weather in January here is not as cold and as in the north.(snow)2. The villagers are fighting against the flood that they have ever had in the past fifty years.(heavy )3. The old town attracts of foreign visitors every year. (thousand)4. Mary comes from England and her old school is smaller than .(our)5. These many people are talking about the of food. (safe)解析：第一题考查的是构词法中名词变形容词的考点。答案是snowy.第二题考查的是形容词的基本用法。答案是heavy.第三题考查的是基数词的用法。答案是thousands.第四题考查的是名词性物主代词的用法。答案是ours.第五题考查的是构词法中形容词变名词的考点,答案是safety. 检测题（二）：句法过关1. The advantages of the Chongqi Bridge have already been seen. _A_ good news to us! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 2. _D_ do you write a letter to your father? I seldom or never do that now. Instead, I call or email him almost every day. A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often 3. Could you tell me_B_? Id like to take part in it. On July 5th. A. when will the fashion show be held B. when the fashion show will be held C. where will the fashion show be held D. where the fashion show will be held4.Song Ying is _B_ kind that she has donated almost all her savings to a charity. A. very B. so C. much D. Such解析：该题考查的是结果状语从句。答案选B. 注意讲解so.that.和such.as的区别。语法运用：A篇Steve Jobs, the founder and former CEO of Apple, passed away on October 5th, 2011 at the age of fifty-six a 72 a seven-year-long battle with cancer，when every Apple fan was waiting for the next s 73 . What is Jobs best remembered for? Many of us would name some great products: the iPod, the iTouch, the iPhone or the iPad. They have c 74 the way we enjoy music, television, and even books. But Jobs brought much more to the world than these p 75 products. As a s 76 businessman, Jobs passion and energy encouraged the world. He told us to “do what you love”. He said, “The o 77 thing that keeps me going is that I love what I do.” He believed “People with passion can change the world f 78 the better.” Jobs made computers interesting and easy to u 79 . His iPhone, iPad and iTouch are popular a 80 the world. People say Jobs sold dreams, not products. As the US president Barack Obama said, “Jobs was brave enough to think differently, bold(大胆的) enough to b 81 he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.”Keys:after理解语境，词汇运用； 73. surprise理解语境，词汇运用； 74. changed 理解语境，词汇运用；75. popular理解语境，词汇运用； 76. successful 理解语境，词汇运用；77. only 副词的考察，联系上下文； 78. for理解语境，词汇运用 79. use 理解语境，词汇运用80. around固定搭配的考察 81. believe 理解语境，词汇运用。B篇 Chuck Wall teaches management and human relations at Bakersfield College. He walked into