我的高频Issue提纲.doc

一、历史(1) 26.(95、85)”Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any societys past but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.”很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。历史性建筑保存vs.实用（the buildings historic and aesthetic value vs. practical or utilitarian needs）Disagreement（大负小正）Position: on the contrary, the preservation of historic buildings should be given precedence over the modern development.(1) Whats the most important is that the historic buildings present the invaluable historic value.具有很高的历史价值，一旦被破坏就无法修复(raze or retrofit)。我们应当为我们自己以及后代保护历史建筑。Such as the municipal structure, the home of a founding family or other significant historical figure, the location of an important historical event. The forbidden Town, The Great Wall, the White House.Materials Preservation cares about the homes of the rich and the poor, industrial sites and downtown commercial districts, schools and colleges, religious sites and governmental buildings, parks and other places for recreation, rural landscapes and structures - just about any place that helps tell Americas story.Preservation does care about the past. It cares about honoring the achievements of previous generations, the places they lived and worked, and the history and achievements we now enjoy.But preservation also cares about the present and the future, since it saves valuable resources and recalls a communitys goals and dreams.By protecting our past, it helps us remember how we came to be, where we are and what we ought to do now. And it cares about giving future generations the same opportunities to enjoy beautiful buildings and landscapes that we have today.(2) The historic buildings have unique aesthetic and architectural value.（to become attractive tourist resources.）Materials A flat-faced modern office block or an elegantly detailed pre-war commercial building? A strip mall fronted by a parking lot or a pedestrian-friendly retail district? A McMansion with a huge garage or a Victorian with a wraparound porch? Comparisons like these illustrate one of preservations most obvious advantages: it creates more attractive places to live and work. The style and variety of historic places make communities.(3) However, considering the practical, utilitarian needs of the modern development, in some circumstance that when the historic buildings cannot sufficiently represent the history, the historic buildings should give the way to modern develop.(2)48.”The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.”对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而可能是由那些已经被人们淡忘的人制造的。（同意：大正小负）Who on earth contributes to the most significant events and trends in the history? According to the speakers assertion, the answer is a group of people whose identities have long been forgotten other than the famous individuals/key individuals who have been put greatly emphasis on by the history study. Admittedly, the key individuals did great attributions and achievements to the world over the span of the human history. In my view, however, I agree with the speakers assertion that the ordinary people deserve more concerns in history.Admittedly, I have to concede that the famous individuals do greatly contribute to some extent in various fields. Although the history is not created only by the key individuals who might be taken into too much consideration, no one can deny the critical significance of the great figures throughout the history. In the political field, consider those such as Czar Peter-a well-known figure established the new strong economic and military status in Russian history, or Winston Churchill-a famous head-figure called up the encourage and tenancy of people in Britain to face up Nazi. In the literature field, consider those such as Mark Twine, Hemingway, and so forth, opened a totally innovative door for the literature history. In the economic field, consider those such as Jack Welch and Bill Gates playing critical roles in the economic development. In my observation, what the few celebrated figures have done has significant effects on the historical turning, in other words, they have played important roles in the history no matter in the political, literature, or economic field, and so forth.Besides, its true that the famous few individuals have become the cynosures in the study of the history. Insofar as the traditional history documents in which far more stories about the famous individuals are written than those of the ordinary group, the fundamental statement is correct. However, the purpose of the study of the history is to present more objective and accurate records of the historythe kind of documentations might be put in a time capsule for the purpose of convincing the history. In short, the statement of the study on the history that undue emphasizing the key individuals, can not provide ground and correct historical documentation for the readers, viewers, or researchers.In my view, the contemporary historians should give more space to the ordinary individuals rather than the famous individuals. As we all know, the ordinary groups are the necessary components of the human history just like the fundamental bricks of the skyscraper. What if there were no hundreds of the labors to build up the Great Wall? Or what if there were no so many soldiers to liberate the colonies occupied by Japan in China? Clearly, the roles of the group people in the history can not be ignored or expunged from the memory while studying the history.In sum, although it is the case that the famous individuals have been placed too much emphasis on by the history study in creating the most important events and trends, that is, the famous figures have great and tremendous effects on the history, the statement is fundamentally undoubted. However, I agree that the forgotten groups have served to promote the progress and development of the human history.(3)54.”History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.”(103)历史只教会我们做一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定。(4)103”The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.”只有当历史和我们的日常生活相关时才有价值。（有保留的反对：大负小正）The speaker in the statement asserts that the value of studying history would work only when it applies into our daily lives. Clearly, the speaker overlooks such circumstances as those events irrelevant to the contemporary lives, whats more, and misunderstands the values of studying history. In my view, however, I strongly disagree with the speakers statement, considering the studying history affecting not only the individual but also the society as whole.The threshold disagreement that my standpoint is opposite to the speakers assertion, is that when it comes to the individual level, the value of studying history relies in formulating the values and ideals of individuals and helping change another perspective on the past, the contemporary and the future. We are informed the different mores, values, customs and ideals, and taught to how to respect and tolerant other people with different gender, religion, race, age by studying the history of the people living in different times and place. We are inspired and encouraged by studying the history stories of the successful men or women such as President Washington, Winston Churchill, Jack Welch, and so forth. In short, on the individual level, the important value of studying history is to make the individual access to the successful world, at least, to make up mind to face the plights and difficulties in the life journey.The second reason why I cannot be consistent with the speakers statement, is that on the societal level, the value of studying history serves to help better understanding and exploiting the world through the trial-and-error in all realms of human endeavor. Consider the enduring moral problems in terms of violence, war, and poverty existing over the span of the human history. As we all know, the moral problems, upon which different societies and countries fail to legislate, have been proved by the genetics and molecular biology that they spring from the human nature such as gluttony, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy and wrath. Consider the political figures, for example, Hitler and Sadam, who disobeyed the history trends to assert the political oppression-the tyranny such as genocide and mass persecution, are doomed to fail. In final analysis, studying such history issues and examples is invaluable to prevent a country repeating the steps of the historical failures.However, more complicating and more challenging problems pose a myriad of problems along with the quicken development of the technology and economy, which havent experienced in the past, whats more, cannot explain by studying history as the speaker asserts. The most telling one is that the global problems such as the nuclear weapon threatening, the global warming, the air pollution as well as the finite energy resource deleting, call for collaboration of the all realms and all the nations. In the history, no one can find such problem ever existed. In such scenario, studying history amounts to nil to the extent to seek for the key to such problems as the global issues. In sum, the speakers assertion that the value of studying history relies on our daily lives is too extreme. Although the human world is more complicating than the past with the problems that are seemingly irrelevant to the history, the nature of human and the law of society that can be learned from the history, are still constant over the span of human life. Moreover, learning history has taught us to perceive and analyze the problems with historic perspective.(5)120.”So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.”(similar to 103)现在的生活日新月异，对过去的研究学习没有实际的指导意义。(6)221.”The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.”研究历史最明显的好处就是完全消除了这样了的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人有很大的差别。（大负小正，有保留的反对）Position: The speaker claims that what is the most important benefit of studying history is attributable to make people clearly understand that in history people in different times are more or less the same. Admittedly, the nature of human and the law of physical world are constant over the span of human history by the study of history. In my view, however, I disagree with the speakers claim for the reason that the speaker fails to take into consider the obvious difference between people in different times, and also oversimplifies the valuable benefits of studying history.(1) The threshold disagreement that my standpoint opposites to the speakers assertion, is that history telling the individual, the group or the national stories, are meant to drive home a good understanding of different cultural mores, customs, values, and ideals. (2) The second reason why I cannot be in consistent with the speakers statement, is that the values of studying history serves to help better understanding and exploiting the world through the trial-and-error and the successful paragons over the human endeavoring history. For example, consider the political figures, for example, Hitler and Saddam, who disobeyed the history trends to assert the political oppression-the tyranny as genocide and mass persecution, are doomed to fail. In final analysis, studying on such historic issues and examples is invaluable to prevent a country repeating the steps of the history. On the other hand, we are inspired and encouraged by studying the historical stories of the successful men or women such as President Washington, Winston Churchill, Jack Welch, and so forth. In short, on the individual level, the important value of studying history is to make the individual access to the successful world, at least, to make up mind to face the plights and difficulties in the life journey.(3) However, the value of studying history by breaking down the illusion is to discover such enduring issues as the moral problems in terms of violence, war, and poverty consistently existing over times. As we all know, the moral problems, upon which different societies and countries fail to legislate, have been proved by the genetics and molecular biology that they spring from the human nature such as gluttony, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy and wrath. 二、教育(1) 5.”A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.”一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。北美Position: I agree insofar as some common core curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation. At the same time, however, individual states and communities should have some freedom to augment any such curriculum as they see fit; otherwise, a nations educational system might defeat its own purposes in long term.Outline:A.A national core curriculum would be beneficial to a nation in a number of respects. a. by providing all children with fundamental skills and knowledge, a common core curriculum would help ensure that our children grow up to become reasonably informed, productive members of society.b. a common core curriculum would provide a predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricula and select course materials for students.c. a core curriculum would ensure that all school-children are taught core values upon which any democratic society depends to thrive, and even survivevalues such as tolerance of others with different viewpoints, and respect for others.B.However, a common curriculum that is also an exclusive one would pose certain problems, which might outweigh the benefits, noted above. a.the federal legislator and regulators are likely to have their own quirky notions of what should and should not be taught.b. an official federally sanctioned curriculum would facilitate the dissemination of propaganda and other dogmawhich because of its biased and one-sided nature undermine the very purpose of true education: to enlighten.(此句可用于和政府干涉有关的题目，艺术、科技等等)c. the inflexible nature of a uniform national curriculum would preclude the inclusion of programs, courses, and materials that are primarily of regional or local significance.d.it seems to me that imposing a uniform national curriculum would serve to undermine the authority of parents over their own children, to even a greater extent than uniform state laws currently do.Sum:Banlanced one that imposes a basic curriculum yet leaves the rest up to each stateor better yet, to each community.MineA. consider the purpose of the core curriculum.(throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society. by providing the basic and universal course.) compulsory courses: sciences such as mathematics and physics serve to nurture the reason and logical ability, humanities such as literature and philosophy serves to form the emotional and creative ability.B.Consider the arrangement of the course in the University.would provide a predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricula and select course materials for students.C. Unduly emphasizing the application of the national curriculum may pose certain amount of detrimental effects on the regional culture and value system.(2) 50.”In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the course they teach.”为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。北美Position:Whether college faculty should also work outside academia, depends on the specific academic area. With respect to fields in which outside work is appropriate, I strongly agree with the statement.Outline:A. As a threshold matter, the statement requires qualification in two respects.a. in certain academic areas there is no profession to speak of outside academia. (humanity)b. in certain other academic areas a professions academic duties typically involve practical work of the sort that occurs outside academia.(fine and performing arts.)(不理解，不用了！)B. Aside from these two qualifications, I strongly agree that it is worthwhile for college faculty to work outside academia in professional positions related to their field.a. faculty who are actively engaged in their fields come to class with fresh insights and a contagious excitement about the subject at hand.b. by keeping abreast with the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.c. A third benefit has to do with faculty research and publication in their areas of specialty.(experience in the field can help a professor ferret out cutting-edge and controversial issueswhich might be appropriate subjects for research and publication. And boost a professors credibility)MineAs the speaker asserts, i