毕业论文-汽车儿童安全座椅创意设计.docx

产品设计课程设计汽车儿童安全座椅创意设计目 录1概述11.1设计背景及产品现状11.2 相关产品分析11.3设计定位12设计方案分析12.1 设计方案的提出12.2 方案确定及可行性分析13详细设计13.1 主要细节设计13.2 关键结构设计13.3 色彩与材料设计14设计作品的特点24.1设计作品创新性24.2设计作品安全性及舒适性24.3技术可实施性25设计总结26附录31概述1.1设计背景及产品现状随着独生子女政策的实行，儿童的安全问题得到越来越多的重视和关注。在私家车泛滥的年代，交通事故成了对儿童的巨大威胁。于是乎，儿童安全座椅应运而生。作为一种系于汽车座位上，供儿童乘坐，有束缚设备，并能在发生车祸时，束缚着儿童以保障儿童安全的座椅，许多国家甚至都有相关的法律法规对其使用进行了详细约束，以最大限度的保证儿童的安全。 数据表明，使用儿童安全座椅，能降低70%的婴儿死亡率，降低4至7岁儿童死亡率则达59%。然而，中国儿童安全座椅的使用量至今依然非常有限，相对1亿辆家用车的保有量，如果以1%的车辆使用率来计算，儿童安全座椅使用量也将达到100万套的规模。事实上，目前我国儿童安全座椅的使用率连0.1%都不到，根本无法与欧美国家90%以上的使用率比肩。 日前，中国玩具和婴童用品协会有关负责人表示，儿童安全座椅、婴儿床等机动车儿童乘员用约束系统，有望于今年年底前纳入国家强制性产品认证（3c）目录，这意味着加强相关产品的质量安全监管即将加强。机动车儿童乘员用约束系统的强制性国家标准，事实上已于2012年7月实施。凡列入强制性产品认证目录内的产品，必须经国家指定的认证机构认证合格，取得相关证书并加施认证标志后，方能出厂、进口、销售和在经营服务场所使用。中国玩具和婴童用品协会负责人介绍说，一旦安全座椅纳入“3c”认证目录，那么产品的生产体系、涌通体系等也被要求符合相关标准，并将受到检查和监管。随着对儿童出行安全保护意识的提高和近期各大卫视节目对安全座椅的宣传，儿童汽车安全座椅成为了近期的热门话题。调查获悉，双十一期间，家长对安全座椅的咨询与需求也比去年同期提高了接近一倍，儿童汽车安全座椅相关的话题近期已成热点。宝贝市场调研显示，消费者买儿童安全座椅的最终目的是“安全”。在安全第一的基础上，最能够接受的产品价位在1,0002,600元之间。因为汽车消费群体中的绝大部分是中产阶级，在中国的现阶段，他们追求产品的性价比多过产品设计和造型。调查显示出消费者对品牌存在要求，进口品牌明显受到青睐。在宝贝市场和被调查者详细讲解安装、isofix接口与功能后，有54%受访者认为这比传统安全带捆绑儿童安全椅更好，有进一步了解的兴趣。通过教育，他们理解到只有符合标准、且得到正确安装的儿童安全座椅才能有效避免儿童在交通事故中受伤或死亡。全球市场上并不缺乏优秀的儿童安全椅品牌和制造商。但是，儿童安全座椅产品真的“万事具备”了么？答案是“否”。2013年11月12日，cctv生活早参考节目组联合“上海机动车检测中心”对三款国际和七款国内汽车安全座椅品牌进行了测试，结果只有两款国际、一款国内品牌合格。合格者有国内品牌路途乐、国外品牌迈可适maxi-cosi、葛莱graco而剩余国内外知名品牌均被判定为不合格。中国品牌中，价格低于400元的全部不合格，国际品牌中的老牌产品居然也以最高价格5600元败北。中国市场还缺乏验证儿童安全椅质量的方法与规范。高品质儿童安全座椅应符合以下几个要素：首先，符合国际认可的儿童安全座椅设计和制造相关标准；其次，根据不同体重或不同年龄段设计，能有效增强儿童乘车安全；再次，采用减震材料制成，吸收冲击力，对儿童的头、颈椎、四肢给予全方位的保护；最后，还要易于安装且维护简便。由于国内品牌历史较短，缺乏应有的技术，行业未完全规范，现阶段儿童安全椅中，进口品牌优势较大。中国目前已经是全球较大的儿童安全座椅生产基地，每年向国外出口近一千万台儿童安全座椅。尽管如此，国内儿童安全座椅的销售市场却还没有形成，大部分产品用于外销，虽然国内生产厂家意识到了儿童安全座椅行业所蕴藏的巨大市场潜力，但由于国内一直缺乏相应的法规及安全试验等方面的技术支持，在产品生产和质量监督方面受到了制约。因此，目前我国儿童安全座椅产业处于鱼龙混杂状态，市场上车载儿童安全座椅存在着价格悬殊巨大、质量难以保证、标准不统一等问题。儿童安全坐椅一旦出现质量问题就将关乎性命，因此每个进入该行业的企业都必须意识到自身对社会、对儿童应当承担的责任。如何规范儿童约束系统的发展已成为标准制定部门、监督管理部门以及所有从业人员必须认真考虑的事情。为促进产品质量提升，中国玩具和婴童用品协会日前在京召开汽车用儿童安全座椅企业座谈会。与会企业代表表示，如在市场检查中发现有问题的产品，将立即停止销售，并对缺陷产品实施全面召回，确保消费者使用安全。中国汽车技术研究中心宣布，未来将会起草第三方儿童约束系统产品评价，一方面可作为一个行业标准的基本，让生产企业必须达标，另一方面也可以让消费者在购买产品的时候，拥有更好的借鉴和参考。1.2 相关产品分析（一）按照年龄与体重分类我国于2012年7月1日开始实施的机动车儿童乘员用约束系统国家标准将安全座椅按照儿童的身高和体重进行了5大类的划分。【0级：适用于年龄在9个月以下，体重低于10公斤的婴儿。】【 0+级：适用于年龄在18个月以下，体重低于13公斤的婴儿。】目前多数的儿童安全座椅将0级以及0+级合并为一类，因此上面提到的0级座椅同样适用于18个月以下，体重低于13公斤的婴儿使用。【1级：适用于适用于体重在9-18公斤之间的幼儿。】1级儿童安全座椅多数配有供儿童使用的安全带，由于此阶段为儿童的快速成长期，因此此种安全座椅安全带长度可调以适应儿童的不断长大。【2级：适用于体重15-25公斤之间的儿童。】2级儿童安全座椅本身并不配备供儿童使用的安全带，它利用车辆自带的安全带都儿童进行固定。【3级：适用于体重22-36公斤之间，身高低于1.5米的儿童。】3级儿童安全座椅适用于体重在22-36公斤之间，而身高低于1.5米的儿童。此类儿童由于身高并未达到成人标准，因此不能正常使用成人安全带，必须使用增高垫。（二）按照接口方式的不同分类除了我国规定的按照儿童身高、体重对安全座椅进行的划分之外，遵循目前车辆固定儿童安全座椅的方式，我们也可以进行如下三种的分类：1、安全带固定方式利用车辆自带安全带来进行固定的儿童安全座椅是所有车辆均可使用的一种座椅。这种座椅安全简便，但缺点在于安装不够牢固。我们以上海通用别克君越作为示范车进行演示。安装方法：2、欧洲标准的iso fix固定方式 iso fix儿童安全座椅固定方式是欧洲从1990年开始设计实施的一种针对儿童安全座椅接口的标准。目前在欧洲地区销售的车型上都会将这个接口作为标准配置，在国内也有一部分合资汽车厂家提供了这种接口的配置。该配置的特点就是具有两个与儿童座椅进行硬链接的固定接口。3、美国标准的latch固定方式latch的全称是“lower anchors and tethers for children”，中文翻译叫做“儿童使用的下扣件和拴带”，从2002年9月1日开始，美国规定几乎所有种类的轿车必须提供latch系统的儿童安全座椅固定方式。我们此次采用的示范车辆为上海通用别克君越，因此其配备的正是这种美国标准的latch固定方式。一般在美系车上我们较为常见的是latch接口方式，此次我们采用的别克君越车型配备此种接口方式。而latch相对于iso fix的优势在于：有latch接口的一定也可以装isofix接口的座椅，但是只有isofix接口的就不能使用latch接口的儿童座椅。1.3设计定位安全座椅就是一种专为不同体重（或年龄段）的儿童设计，安装在汽车内，能有效提高儿童乘车安全的座椅。欧洲强制性执行标准ece r44/03的定义是：能够固定到机动车辆上，带有isofix接口的安全带组件或柔性部件、调节机构、附件等组成的儿童安全防护系统。在汽车碰撞或突然减速的情况下，可以减少对儿童的冲压力和限制儿童的身体移动从而减轻对他们的伤害。从安全座椅的基本概念出发，基于对现有产品以及国内背景状况的了解，我想要致力于设计出与现在普遍单一不同的个性座椅，从形态、使用方式、空间结构等方面针对便携，简洁，便利，一体化等着眼点进行设计。2设计方案分析2.1 设计方案的提出方案一：类似泳池类的设计，利用水作为缓冲的媒介，整体容器采用软的橡胶材质。前段的伸出项用于顶住前座起到固定的作用。方案二：借鉴游乐场的设施，游乐场的座位因为要进行较为危险的大幅度高空移动，所以安全性能比较好，外形设计也比较简洁，同时使用也很便利。方案三：类似于按摩椅的设计，从头部，肩部，肘部，腿部，多个方位对儿童进行保护。同时可旋转的设计，给儿童留下了比较大的自由度。方案四：借鉴钢铁侠的装备，利用弹性固定，最大限度给与自由的情况下保证安全。同时炫酷的感觉，可以很好的吸引到3,4岁以上的儿童。方案五：借鉴了安全舱的造型，儿童是伸直的卧在里面，这样的姿势相比于坐在座位上，在危险来临时会更好的减小损伤，同时几个关键部位的柔软缓冲材料的设置，可以更好的保护儿童的安全。方案六：设计成类似床的躺式椅，伸脚处设置一个弹力网，方便在危险时刻进行重要缓冲。在儿童躺下以后，用轻质的弹性小球，铺满椅子的主体，在和儿童玩耍的同时也对儿童进行全方位的保护。方案七：依旧是一个躺式椅的设计，在躺卧处的下方，设置足量冲击过后就会断开的装置，这样在发生大的冲击过后，整体椅子会后倾，这样儿童就会处于一个较为合适的姿势，同时向下的力会分掉一些横向的冲击力。方案八：蛋壳类的设计，利用圆滑的外形，很好的避免了冲撞时的尖角伤害，同时比较有趣的外形，也可以挑起孩子们的兴趣。方案九：提篮式的设计，比较方便携带，可以把02岁的孩子放在里面，家长可以斜挎着带出行，同时孩子坐下时，全身都可以出于篮中，这样柔软的内壁可以将孩子全面的保护好。方案十：充气气囊式的设计，在本身的成人座椅的基础上，设置一些可以充气的装置，在充气过后形成一个儿童座椅的外形，同时腰部的安全带可以进一步保护好儿童。2.2 方案确定及可行性分析最后经过与老师和同学们的讨论分析之后采用了方案十，成人座椅儿童座椅一体化的设计，通过对座椅的特殊部分进行充气处理，从而完成从成人座椅到儿童座椅的转变，同时利用各个部分柔软结构在提高儿童所需的舒适性的同时，也起到保护的作用。将着眼点放在了便捷上面的这个设计，将致力于对细节的完善，以便在创新性的基础上提高本身的实用性。3详细设计充气的控制开关，附加了一个玻璃透明外壳。这样不仅可以有效的保护开关，还可以避免意外启动情况的发生。内部的开关按钮附着荧光材料，无论何时都可以很方便快捷的找到它的位置。3.1 主要细节设计用来充气的气泵，作为动力的来源，气泵的大小决定了充气的速度。在尽可能的保证气泵大小的同时，两个充气口以及两侧宽大的散热网口，能够保证气泵很好的工作。3.2 关键结构设计充气气囊式的结构，在保证柔软的舒适性的同时，还可以起到一定的固定保护的作用。头带在胸带和腿带的基础上，增加了对头部的保护，这是对以往座椅对头部保护不周的改良。很强的韧性可以在保护的同时给孩子很大的自由性，避免对孩子的过度束缚。胸部和腿部的安全带，可以有效地固定好儿童的身体，宽大的护带将损伤降至了最低。3.3 色彩与材料设计毛绒座椅整体色彩采用了红底白斑的可爱风格，这样在满足大人的要求同时对孩子也有一定的吸引力。同时柔软的充气部分采用了最接近人体肌肤的硅胶材质，使得孩子仿佛投身于母亲的怀抱中，颜色上采用了充满活力和朝气的橙红色。在胸带和腿带的装置上采用了咖啡色的处理，给人一种结实耐用且不失典雅的感觉。气泵在金属的表皮采用了镀膜的工艺，添加了一些亮丽的色彩，4设计作品的特点4.1设计作品创新性1. 将成人座椅和儿童座椅一体化，在提升便捷性的同时，还将儿童安全保障很好的融入了生活。2. 头部、胸部、腿部多方位的保护可以使得儿童在意外状况发生时受到的损伤减少到最低。3. 在色彩搭配上，采用了亮丽可爱的色彩风格，使得成人和孩子在同时使用时，能够更加和谐的享受座椅带来的舒适性。4.2设计作品安全性及舒适性利用宽大的保护带加上舒适的气垫，使得孩子在感觉到如母亲般怀抱的同时，得到了头部、胸部、腿部的全方位保护。充气结构采用的高档的仿人体肌肤的硅胶材质，在很大程度上保证了儿童使用的舒适性。4.3技术可实施性充气结构的材料是借鉴于目前最高档的充气娃娃的材质，采用气泵的充气结构，也是比较常用的充气手段。此外的大部分工艺都是平时生产中的常用工艺。总体可实施性很高。5 设计总结通过对儿童安全座椅的调查，安了解到全座椅就是一种专为不同体重（或年龄段）的儿童设计，安装在汽车内，能有效提高儿童乘车安全的座椅。欧洲强制性执行标准ece r44/03的定义是：能够固定到机动车辆上，带有isofix接口的安全带组件或柔性部件、调节机构、附件等组成的儿童安全防护系统。基于概念的设计，目的性更加明确，可实施性更强。充气材质采用高端硅胶的确定启发我产品之间互相迁移的设计方法。此外，人机交互上的考虑在产品的实际应用中也尤为重要，多处安全带的宽大特点就是对舒适性的考虑。同时，对于一个设计，色彩和材料上的选择也格外重要。此次，儿童安全座椅的设计让我渐渐学会将多门课程融合起来。我想真正的设计应该就是将多方面的需求融会贯通的结果。6附录 附图1 不同角度渲染图 a)仰视图 b)俯视图 c)主视图 d)后视图 e)左视图 f)右视图附图2 六面视图附图3 爆炸图请删除以下内容，o(_)o谢谢！the origin of taxation in the united states can be traced to the time when the colonists were heavily taxed by great britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the stamp tax. the colonists disdain for this taxation without representation (so-called because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the boston tea party. however, even after the revolutionary war and the adoption of the u.s. constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. income tax first appeared in the united states in 1862, during the civil war. at that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. a flat-rate income tax was imposed in 1867. the income tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. income tax was a rallying point for the populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that congress passed the income tax act of 1894. the tax at that time was two percent on individual incomes in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. the supreme court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers loan & trust, 158 u.s. 601, 15 s. ct. 912, 39 l. ed. 1108 1895). after many years of debate and compromise, the sixteenth amendment to the constitution was ratified in 1913, providing congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on income without apportionment among the states. the objectives of the income tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. since 1913 the u.s. income tax system has become very complex. in 1913 the income tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation; the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (pub. l. 99-514, oct. 22, 1986, 100 stat. 2085). commerce clearing house, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the internal revenue code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. the flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. after the united states entered world war i, the war revenue act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, compared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. in 1924 secretary of the treasury andrew w. mellon, speaking to congress about the high level of taxation, stated, the present system is a failure. it was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure. the high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable income, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business. ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. consequently, the revenue act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (revenue acts, june 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 stat. 253). in 1926 the rate was further reduced to 25 percent. the revenue act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the great depression (revenue acts, june 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 stat. 169). it increased the individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single persons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. the national industrial recovery act of 1933 (nira), part of president franklin d. roosevelts new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (june 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 stat. 195). the repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. the social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (old age pension act, aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 stat. 620). the wealth tax act, also known as the revenue act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the revenue acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the revenue act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the individual income tax act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. the post-world war ii revenue act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. the revenue act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to 84.4 percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (revenue act of 1950, sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, stat. 906). it remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. the revenue act of 1954 revised the internal revenue code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement income, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. from 1954 to 1962, the internal revenue code was amended by 183 separate acts. in 1974 the employee retirement income security act (erisa) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (pub. l. no. 93-406, sept. 2, 1974, 88 stat. 829). erisa required that to be tax deductible, the employers plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. erisa also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (iras) to encourage tax-deferred retirement savings by individuals. the economic recovery tax act of 1981 (erta) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (pub. l. no. 97-34, aug. 13, 1981, 95 stat. 172). the most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the tax reform act of 1986. this bill was signed into law by president ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. although this single, flat rate was not included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of income for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining income. many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to two-income married couples that had been used to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their income tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. in addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by president john f. kennedy. the omnibus budget reconciliation act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and passed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. this law provided for income tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and 39.6 percent on varying levels of income and for the taxation of social security income if the taxpayer receives other income over a certain level. in 2001 congress enacted a major income tax cut at the urging of president george w. bush. over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal income tax rates across all levels of income. the 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. in addition, a new bottom 10 percent rate was created. since the early 1980s, a flat-rate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (the graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable income.) the flat-rate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all income and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. despite firm support by some, the flat-rate tax has not been adopted in the united states. regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913, the basic formula for computing the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. to determine the amount of income tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individuals gross income to arrive at an adjusted gross