300MW汽轮机通流改造可研性报告1.doc

ways similar to laos, although it has twice the population. at another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. when we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. then we came to the plains and entered phnom penh,the capital of cambodia. in many ways it looked like vientiane and ho chi minh city; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old french houses.unlike vientiane, ships could travel the mekong river here.in the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. it can only be seen outside the palace on special days. we ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.the next morning our group slept late. we were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.now our couins had the chance to make jokes about wangwei and me. perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!we had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.two days later we crossed the border into vietnam. we began to see many more people,but i wasnt surprised .i read in an atlas before our trip that vietnam has almost seven times the population of cambodia. we met a farmer who gave us directions and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.he also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cooler than here in the south,where it is flat.although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm very quickly.so we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the sea. we were tired but also in high spirits:our dream to cycle along the mekong river had finally come true.unit 4a night the earth didt sleep strange things were happening in the countriside of northest hebei.for there days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. a smelly gas came out of the cracks. in the farmeryards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.at about 3:00am on july 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky.the sound of the planes could be heard outside the city,who thought little of these events,were asleep as usual that night. at3:42 am everything began to shake.it seemed as if the world was at an end!eleven kilometres directly below the city the greast earthquake of 20th century had begun. it was felt in beijing,which is more thantwo hundred kilometres away. one-third of the nation felt it .a huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and canals.steam burst from holes in the ground. hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. in fifteen terrible seconds a large lay in ruins.the suffering of the people was extreme. tow-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.thounds of families were killed and many chidren were left without parents. the number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.but how could the survivors believe it was natural?everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. all of the citys hospitals,75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were gone. bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. no wind, however,could below they away. two dams and most of the bridges also fell or were not safe for travelling. the railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel. tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. half a million pigs and millions of chickens were dead. sand now filled the wells instead of water. people were shocked. then later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook tangshan. some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins. more buildings fell down. water,food, and eletricity were hard to get. people began to wongder how long the disater would last. all hope was not lost. soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soliders to tangshan to help the rescue workers. hundreds of thousands of people were helped. the army organized teams to dig out those were trapped and to bury the dead. to the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there. workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. fresh water was taken to the city by train,truck and plane. slowly, the city began to breathe again. a safe home it is sad but that people die in earthquakes from falling furniture and bricks. earthquake safety is very important and there is more to it than just keeping buildings from falling down. so if your home is in an earthquake area,you should prepare carefully before the earthquake comes. first, make sure you buy a house which is earthquake safe. all pipes should be fixed to the wall and all walls should be especially thick and strong. you also have to make sure that there are bolts underneath your house. they are one of the most important ways of protecting a house. make sure the building has no breaken windows and is well repaired. second ,look at the objects in your house. those in the living room,which are the most likely to hurt us, are computers, televisions and lamps. they can be tied to tables or them so they wont easily move around. the kitchen, which is also very dangerous, must have strong doors on all the cupboards. this is the place where many small things are stored that might fall down. the water heater should have a case round it too. windows are special problem. when they break, glass can cause many accidents,. it is better to use safety glass if you can, especially for pictures. always remember:” it is better to be safe than sorry.” the story of an eyewitnessby jack london never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed. san francisco is gone. nothing is left of it but memories and some houses far from the centre of the city. its buniness are gone. the factories,hotelsand palace are all gone too. within an hour after the earthquake, the smoke of sanfrancios fires could been seen 160 kilometres away. the sun is red in the dark sky. there was no stopping the fires. there was no way to organize or communicate. the steel railway tracks were now useless. and the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst. all of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone in the thirty second the earth moved. out at sea it was calm. no wind came up. yet from every direction-east,weast,north,andsouth,strong winds blew upon the unlucky city. man himself had to make ruins of the citys best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets. a list of buildings undesteryed was now only a few addresses. a list of the brave men and the women would fill a library. a list of all those killed will never be made. amazing as it may seem, wednesday night was a quiet night. there were no crowds. the policemen saidnothing; even their horses were quit. there were no shouts or people doing crazy things. in all those terrible hours i saw not one woman who cried, not one man who was excited. before the fires, through the night, thousands and thousands of people who had lost their homes left for safety. some were covered in blankets. sometimes whole families put everything they owned and could save into wagons. they helped one another climb the high hills around the city. never in all sanfrsncios histroy were her people so kind as on that terrible night.unit 5elias storymy name is elias. i am a poor worker in southafrica. the time when i first met nelson mandela was a very difficult period of my life. i was twelve years old. it was in 1952 and mandela was the black lawyer to whom i went for advice. he offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. he was generous with his time, for which i was grateful.i needed his help because i had very little education. i began school at six. the school where i studied for only two years was three kilometers away. i had to leave because my family could not continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. i could not read or write well. after trying hard, i got a job in a gold mine. however, this was a time when one had to got to have a passbook to live in johannesburg. sadly i did not have#1#2机组汽轮机本体技术改造项目可行性研究报告一、前言(一) 项目名称:#1、#2机组汽轮机本体节能改造可行性研究报告(二) 项目性质: 技术改造(三)可研编制人: 游立元(四)项目负责部门: 检修公司(五)项目负责人：黄俊二、项目提出的背景及改造的必要性(一)承担可行性研究的单位: 生技部(二)项目提出的背景:早期国产引进型300mw汽轮机组，是80年代初我国引进美国西屋公司汽轮机制造技术，分别由上海汽轮机有限公司(简称上汽公司)和哈尔滨汽轮机有限责任公司(简称哈汽公司)生产制造，由各有关的电力设计院设计，火电公司安装、调试。 该部分机组投产以来，从目前各电厂机组运行情况及部分机组试验结果来看，缩小了我国大型火电机组与国际水平的差距。但由于设计、制造、安装、运行与维护等方面的因素，又不同程度地暴露出一些问题，影响到机组运行的安全和经济性。国产引进型300mw机组和日本三菱公司引进西屋公司技术、经优化改进制造的350mw机组属同类型机组。据1999、2000年度所公布的各项技术指标，国内进口己投运的日本三菱公司机组，平均负荷率74.7，非计划停运409h，等效强迫停运率0.08%，等效可用系数92.56%，厂用电率3.97，补水率0.8，凝汽器真空度95.0，锅炉效率92.31，供电煤耗率320.75g/(kw.h)。与其相比较，国产引进型300mw机纽平均负荷率74.0%，但等效可用系数低4.12个百分点，补水率高出2.4个百分点，厂用电率高出1.57个百分点，凝汽器真空度低1.55个百分点，锅炉效率低2.73个百分点，供电煤耗率高出30.48g(kwh)。由此可见，现运行的早期国产引进型300mw机组各项经济性指标与同类型进口机组相差甚大，机组经济效益不能得到充分发挥。通过制造厂、设计院多年对引进技术的消化、吸收和改进，新型机组的经济性和可靠性得到大幅度的提高，机组实际运行的各项要求基本达到设计值。如哈尔滨汽轮机厂对300mw的机组汽轮机内部结构在将近20年内进行三次较大的改进，目前73b型机组的效率、可靠性、经济性等远优于早期产品。(三)进行技术改造的必要性:1、从汽轮机本身的角度来看大唐石门发电有限责任公司1、2机组于1995年12月，1996年9月分别投产，属哈尔滨汽轮机厂73型产品，出厂编号为73n16、73n17。由于该型号的机组是早期引进的技术，由于设计和加工等多方面的原因，机组在投产后高中压本体存在各段轴汽参数超标、高中压缸效率低、经济性差、各项指标远偏离机组设计参数等问题。机组经过10多年的运行，由于设备的不断损耗，这些问题目前变的更为突出。根据我们的调研，其他同型号机组的问题基本相似。表1表2为我公司2005年的试验数据，表3为其他厂同类型机组的运行参数对比：表1 #1、#2机组额定工况抽汽参数额定工况设计值#1机组300mw工况#2机组300mw工况压力(mpa)温度()压力(mpa)温度()压力(mpa)温度()主蒸汽16.6753716.35536.6016.30534.92一段抽汽5.927383.16.70420.436.46411.55二段抽汽3.622316.74.16360.83.97345.12再热蒸汽3.265373.79536.783.63535.85三段抽汽1.84433.61.91455.821.83456.75四段抽汽0.811334.60.91339.330.85335.28表2 1、2机组额定工况计算结果项目单位设计值1机试验值2机试验值主蒸汽压力mpa16.6716.335616.3084主蒸汽温度537536.6021534.9267主蒸汽流量th911.0980.6655995.5093高排汽压力mpa3.6624.21814.0292高排汽温度316.7361.4363345.2656再热汽压力mpa3.263.79303.6335再热汽温度537536.7809535.8563中排汽压力mpa0.7950.90270.9544中排汽温度334.27337.5469336.5103排汽压力mpa5.398.94387.6634给水流量th911.0950.3245962.6327给水温度272.3263.9031271.8972试验电功率mw300.168289.8859291.0205试验热耗率kj/kw.h7954.99025.73378856.9213试验汽耗率g/kw.h3.0353.38293.4208修正后功率mw300.168303.0717294.1241修正后热耗率kj/kw.h7954.98804.56578719.1337高压缸内效率88.2271.838878.1123中压缸内效率91.6488.380894.5883表3名称设计值西柏坡2 2003.5妈湾2 2006.6妈湾1 2006.6渭河6 2004.10渭河5 2005.11功率mw300300294270303.6303主蒸汽压力mpa16.716.8516.416.416.8116.95主蒸汽温度537535.6535540537536.4调节级压力mpa12.1112.9411.911.911.9312.01调节级温度488483.3一抽压力mpa5.96.536.26.46.016.096一抽温度383402.4401402369.1393.5高排压力mpa3.664.023.953.63.6263.825高排温度317339.2339334334.9339.9二抽压力mpa3.624.023.83.523.6263.825二抽温度317339.2343343334339.9三抽压力mpa1.841.881.741.641.7071.79三抽温度433.6449.8443（460）463465.2431.6高压缸效率%88.2279.42中压缸效率%91.6489.28主蒸汽流量t/h9111062.6933900919924汽耗kg/kwh3.043.52热耗kj/kwh79559225.1凝汽器压力kpa4.99.877.35.655.9从上述三表中可以看出,各厂的实际值与设计值相比，存在较大的差距，有进行技术改造的必要。其中我公司和西柏坡的机组经济性最差、安全可靠性低,而西柏坡电厂已进行了改造。2、从主要辅机的角度来看我公司12机为汽轮机配套的三台高加是哈尔滨锅炉厂生产的，是按汽轮机设计热力系统超压5工况进行设计的。其最初设计参数如表4表41高加2高加3高加型号jg1100-2-1jg1180-2-2jg820-2-3p工作maxmpa 6.133.721.64t工作max376.3311.3424.3由于实际的抽汽参数高于三台高加的设计参数，我们要求哈尔滨锅炉厂重新核算，后来将三台高加的设计参数作了调整，已到高加设计材质的承受极限，见表5：表51高加2高加3高加型号jg1100-2-1jg1180-2-2jg820-2-3p工作maxmpa 6.774291.96t工作max400375450即使作了调整，12机在满负荷时的实际抽汽参数仍然有超出高加设计运行参数极限的情况，对三台高加的安全运行构成了重大隐患。(四)调查研究的主要依据、过程及结论: 我公司1、2机组为哈尔滨汽轮机厂早期生产的73型机组，该机型高中压缸效率低、抽汽参数严重超标、经济性差、安全可靠性低，尤其设备经过多年运行的损耗，该问题进一步突出，已严重制约我公司可持续性发展。目前哈尔滨汽轮机厂对引进型300mw机组的技术进行多年的消化和吸收，已发展到生产73b型机组，该机组良好的经济性和运行的稳定性已得到普遍的认可。如对73型机组采取73b型机组技术进行改造，可以取得较好的效果。 我国目前安装哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产的引进型73型300mw机组共计约31台，该类型机组普遍存在高中压缸效率差，热耗偏高，轴汽参数超标等缺点，各项指标与机组的设计值相差较大。针对机组的实际情况，各电厂进行了不同规模的技术改造，这些改造大大地提高机组的可靠性和经济性。 根据我公司机组运行的实际情况，厂部在2002年、2004年和2006年安排我公司技术人员对相关单位进行调研考察。2002年对陕西渭河电厂进行调研，考察该机组改造后的运行情况。渭河电厂共计4台300mw机组，其中3、4机组为上汽生产的四缸四排汽机组，5、6机组与我公司同类型哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产73型机组，存在与我公司类似的问题，02年该厂对6机组的高压缸调节级汽封和隔板汽封进行改造，机组高压缸的效率有较大的幅度提高，但机组的各段抽汽参数与设计值相差较远，没有从根本解决问题。2004年根据西柏坡电厂改造成果的反馈，公司再次组织部分技术人员到西柏坡电厂、哈尔滨汽轮机厂、铁岭电厂进行相关调研。西柏坡电厂1、2机组为哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产73型300mw机组第四台、第五台，92年左右投产。机组投产后的运行情况与我公司基本一致，02年、03年分别对两台机组进行较大的通流改造，机组改造后效果较明显，如图表6为1机组改造后对比情况：表6 西柏坡电厂1机组改造后效果对比表项 目单 位设计值 改 造 前改 造 后日期2001030220031217负荷mw300304.35309主汽压力mpa16.6717.11716.7主汽温度537537.8537.7调节级压力mpa12.1112.25811.73调节级温度462高排压力mpa3.663.9963.7高排温度317342.4330再热汽压力mpa3.4873.6913.5再热汽温度537534.8544.11抽压力mpa5.96.3745.931抽温度383405.73902抽压力mpa3.623.9963.622抽温度317342.43293抽压力mpa1.841.8061.763抽温度433.6452.3460高压缸效率%88.2276.8484.3中压缸效率%91.6491.0391从上表可以看出，设备经过改造后，机组的各项性能得到大幅度的提高，机组的各段抽汽参数能控制在安全合理的范围内，高压缸的效率虽然还没有达到设计值，按提高幅度较大。由于1组改造后机组的性能得到提高，2003年12月该厂对2机组进行类似的改造，同样取得较好效果。表7为2机组改造后对比情况：表7名称设计值改造前5+24.5改造后（五阀全开）功率300mw300300主蒸汽压力mpa16.716.8516.6主蒸汽温度537535.6535调节级压力mpa12.1112.9411.97一抽压力mpa5.96.536.0一抽温度383402.4389高排压力mpa3.664.023.75高排温度317339.2328二抽压力mpa3.624.023.63二抽温度317339.2327三抽压力mpa1.841.881.81三抽温度433.6449.8454高压缸效率%88.2279.4282.2中压缸效率%91.6489.2889.9发电煤耗g/kwh297.5345.6311.4主蒸汽流量t/h9111062.6982.2修正后汽耗kg/kwh3.043.523.15修正后热耗kj/kwh79559225.18199凝汽器压力kpa4.99.876.24 2006年3月，厂部再次组织相关技术人员到西柏坡电厂，哈尔滨汽轮机厂落实改造情况，调研在我公司实施的可能性。结论：通过多次调研了解，将73型300w机组进行73b技术改造，机组的各项性能可得到大幅度的提高，能较好地提高我公司机组的安全性、经济性，能较好地缩断我公司机组与先进机组的差距，为我公司节能降耗增效提供可靠的保证。(五)原系统或设备的基本情况:1.拟进行改造的系统或设备的基本情况说明: 我公司1、2机均为哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产73型机组，机组的喷嘴采取子午面收缩、扭曲静叶，变截面动叶，动叶自带围带等特点，机组的进汽采取弹性密封环密封，高中压缸的动叶叶顶汽封采取平齿汽封型式。该机组的整体设计水平较差，机组的实际运行参数与设计值相差较远。2.系统或设备简述: 我公司1、2汽轮机组是我公司一期工程的三大主设备之一，首先将锅炉产生的高温高压蒸汽转化为动能，然后提供给发电机发电。3.铭牌: 汽轮机：73型汽轮机 型号：n30053753716.7 额定转速：3000rpm额定背压： 5.4kpa主汽温度：537再热温度：537主汽压力：16.7 mpa4.制造商:哈尔滨汽轮机厂5.投产日期: #1机组1995年12月投产,#2机组1996年9月投产。6.技术状况及其他有关技术参数: 汽轮机主要技术数据如下：项目单位设计值主蒸汽压力mpa16.67主蒸汽温度537主蒸汽流量th911.0高排汽压力mpa3.662高排汽温度316.7再热蒸汽压力mpa3.26再热蒸汽温度537给水流量th911.0给水温度272.3试验电功率mw300.168试验热耗率kj/kw.h7954.9试验汽耗率g/kw.h3.035修正后功率mw300.168修正后热耗率kj/kw.h7954.9高压缸内效率88.22中压缸内效率91.64 以上参数为机组的设计参数，由于早期机组的设计水平差，制造工艺简单，机组的实际运行效果与设计值相差较大，严重影响我公司设备的整体经济性。7.运行简历: 我公司两台汽轮机1995年12月和1996年9月投产以来，机组将近运行10年左右，设备的各项性能逐步下滑，机组的效率越来越低，煤耗越来越高，各段的抽汽参数越来偏离机组的安全值。两台机组于1997年1998年和2002年2003年分别进行了两次大修，对机组的局部结构进行了一些改造，取得一定的效果，但未从根本上解决问题，机组存在的缺陷越来越严重，机组的安全运行水平越来越低。8.主要历史状况等：机组多年运行以来，主要存在如下问题：编号缺陷时间设备名称缺陷内容195.12月投产至今1机机组的各段抽汽压力和温度超标，导致回热系统工作不正常，机组的蒸汽流量偏大，高中压缸效率严重偏低，凝汽器热负荷偏高，机组的真空偏低，夏季工况时机组难带负荷。296.9月投产至今2机机组的各段抽汽压力和温度超标，导致回热系统工作不正常，机组的蒸汽流量偏大，高中压缸效率严重偏低，凝结器热负荷偏高，机组的真空偏低，夏季工况时机组难带负荷。我公司的两台机组从开始投产以来就存在以上几个问题，尤其在夏季高温负荷下，该问题表现更为突出：机组在满负荷的情况下，抽汽参数严重偏离设备的安全设计值，影响机组的安全运行，机组的真空严重偏低，带负荷较困难。(六)存在的主要问题: 1缺陷情况的记录和叙述：1. 1机组的抽汽参数严重超标：如下表为机组的在300mw运行时各段轴汽压力和温度额定工况设计值#1机组300mw工况#2机组300mw工况压力 (mpa)温度()压力(mpa)温度()压力(mpa)温度()主蒸汽16.653716.3536.616.3534.9一段轴汽5.93836.7420.46.4411.5二段轴汽3.6316.74.1360.83.9345.1再热蒸汽3.25373.7536.73.6535.8三段轴汽1.8433.1.9455.81.8456.7四段轴汽 0.8334.60.9339.30.8335.2 从上表可以看出，我公司两台机组的抽汽压力和温度与机组的设计值相比严重偏大，其中一号机组比二号机组的问题更为突出，在夏季工况运行时，一段抽汽压力和温度已偏离1高加的设计许可值。1. 2高中压缸内效率差,部分结构设计不合理:下表为12机历年来300mw工况下的效率统计，所有数据来自湖南电力试验研究院的机组热力性能试验报告。项目高压缸内效率中压缸内效率试验时间报告编号单位设计值88.2291.641机71.8488.382005.11.11xds/qj.b/116（02）-20052机78.1194.592005.11.14xds/qj.b/117（02）-20051机73.5286.122004.10.8xds/qj.b2/103（02）-20042机80.0697.502004.12.10xds/qj.b2/134（02）-20041机76.8787.442003.3.10xds/qj.b2/05（02）-20032机85.0889.022002.9.12大修后xds/qj.b2/45（02）-20022机78.7889.042002.4大修前2机80.8994.281998.10.10大修后从上表可以看出，我公司两台机组高压缸效率、中压缸效率与设计值相比差距较大。1机组的高压缸效率为71，严重偏离设计值，高压缸的效率也偏离设计值。2机组高压缸效率与设计值相比也相差较远。我公司两台机组采取73型技术设计，与目前73b型技术制造的相比相差较远，主要表现在如下方面：1.2.11机组的喷嘴在2004年扩大性小修时由于备品不能及时供应，采用其它厂用过的喷嘴，为6x8组，该喷嘴工作效率差，与目前73b型采用6x24组喷嘴组的性能相差较远。1.2.21、2机组高中压缸的动叶、隔板静叶采用两元流设计，各级的焓降低，做功不充分，与73b型的三维设计相差较大。1.2.3高中缸的汽封设计不合理,部分间隙偏大,对机组的效率有较大的影响。我公司两台机组的高中压缸叶顶汽封采用平齿汽封结构,容易导致级间漏汽；高压进汽平衡持环、中压进汽平衡持环、高压排汽平衡持环漏气量大，导致大量高品质的蒸汽能量未充分利用。1.2.4高压缸进汽短管的密封结构采取但形密封环的型式容易导致漏汽，对机组的上下缸温差和机组的效率有较大的影响。2.安全生产：我公司两台机组存在以上的问题，尤其一段轴汽压力和温度，三段抽汽压力和温度偏离设计值较高，对机组的长期安全稳定运行构成了威胁。虽然在2005年小修中对抽汽管道进行了更换高等级材质，但同时该参数对高加有较大的影响。平时运行中只有通过更多的运行手段进行干预才能保证机组的运行。由于机组的整体效率低，机组在满负荷时需要更多的蒸汽量，将进一步加剧凝结器的热负荷，机组的真空无法保证，同时较低的真空又影响机组的负荷。蒸汽流量的增大还增加了燃煤的消耗，对炉内管道的外壁磨损也加大，增加了爆管的机率。3.系统匹配: 无4.环境保护: 无5.节能降耗、提高经济性:通过对73型机组的改造，在确保机组的安全性外，将大大地提高机组的缸效率，增强机组的出力，提高机组的真空，为我公司节能降耗，工作更上一个台阶提供可靠的保证。6.改善劳动环境和条件等：如果通过机组的技术改造，使各项技术参数达到机组原来