英汉语法衔接手段对比与翻译研究%3A以《红字》及其两个汉译本为例.pdf

山东农业大学 硕士学位论文 英汉语法衔接手段对比与翻译研究:以红字及其两个汉译本 为例 姓名：孙凤娟 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：外国语言学与应用语言学 指导教师：石运章 2011-06-15 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 3 摘要 摘要 衔接是一个语义概念，也是构成语篇的主要条件之一。它是语篇的有形网络，体现 在语篇的表层结构上。英语和汉语在衔接手段的分类方法上有很多相似之处，大致都可 分为照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接五种手段。本文只探讨了语法衔接手段及其相 关的翻译问题。 本文的理论基础主要来自于三部相关论著：韩礼德和哈桑所著的英语的衔接 、 连淑能英汉对比研究以及朱永生、郑立信和苗兴伟所编写的英汉语篇衔接手段对 比研究 。随着语篇分析和语篇翻译研究的发展，许多学者都曾对英汉衔接手段进行过 对比研究分析其对翻译的重要意义。本文综合了前人之研究，将篇章语言学、对比语言 学和翻译理论有机结合起来，以韩礼德和哈桑的衔接理论为依据，采取定性与定量相结 合的方法，通过对红字及其两个译本的对比研究，探讨英汉语法衔接手段的异同； 根据差异和两个汉译本的对比，探索实现语法衔接的最佳方法，从而得到更合乎目的语 表达习惯的译文。最终归纳解释差异存在的根本原因。 本文共分六章。第一章前言，介绍了选材、研究的意义、目的及方法。第二章综述 了对于衔接的研究情况， 以及在国内外的研究现状。 第三章是定性对比研究， 通过对 红 字 及其两个汉译本的大量语料中的语法衔接手段对比， 找出其差异。 第四章定量分析， 随机选取 红字 及两个译本的六章内容为分析样本， 指出英汉语法衔接手段使用频率、 汉英比例，并验证其差异。第五章将对比的结论与翻译相结合，总结了语法衔接手段的 翻译策略。第六章得出结论，英汉语的衔接手段在实际使用中有很多共同点也有较大差 异。差异的主要原因在于不同的文化和不同的语言特点。语言具有文化特性，不同民族 由于长期受到本族文化的影响，产生了不同于其他民族的思维方式和自己特有的文化。 英语和汉语属于两种不同语系，意合与形合，话题突出与主语突出等方面的差异导致了 两种语言在语篇衔接手段的选择和使用上存在各自的特点。因此，在语篇的翻译中，要 正确运用衔接来理解原文，兼顾原语和目的语在衔接方面的差异。本文只讨论了四种语 法衔接手段，其余还有待今后进一步研究。 关键词：文本；对比研究；语法衔接手段；翻译 关键词：文本；对比研究；语法衔接手段；翻译 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 1 abstract cohesion, being a semantic concept, serves as an essential device to form a text like a tangible network embodied on the level of surface structure. although english and chinese share a common classification of cohesive devices, which mainly include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. because of the limitation of the space, we shall only discuss grammatical devices and related translation issues in this thesis. three books are referred for theoretical basis: a) cohesion in english by halliday contrastive study; grammatical cohesive device; translation i list of tables table 3.1 differences in personal reference between english and chinese.17 table 3.2 the system of demonstrative reference in english.21 table 3.3 the demonstrative reference in chinese.21 table 3.4 comparative reference between english and chinese24 table 4.1 quantity and proportion of each category of grammatical cohesion devices in different versions.40 table 4.2 chinese cohesive devices in proportion to english.42 table of contents list of tables.i abstract in english.1 abstract in chinese.3 chapter one introduction.4 1.1 selected corpus of the research4 1.2 the purpose of the research.6 1.3 the significance of the research .6 1.4 methods of the study .7 1.5 the organization of the thesis7 chapter two literature review. .8 2 .1 definitions of text and cohesion.8 2.1.1 definitions of text8 2.1.2 definitions of cohesion8 2.2 the research on cohesion theory abroad and at home9 2.2.1 the research on cohesion theory abroad.9 2.2.2 the research on cohesion theory in china11 2.3 creativity of this thesis.13 chapter three a contrast in grammatical cohesive devices between the scarlet letter and its translation .15 3.1 reference15 3.1.1 personal reference16 3.1.2 demonstrative reference20 3.1.3 comparative reference.24 3.2 substitution27 3.2.1 nominal substitution27 3.2.2 verbal substitution.28 3.2.3 clausal substitution.29 3.3 ellipsis.31 3.3.1 nominal ellipsis.32 3.3.2 verbal ellipsis.32 3.3.3 clausal ellipsis33 3.4 conjunction34 3.4.1 additive conjunction35 3.4.2 adversative conjunction.36 3.4.3 causal conjunction.36 3.4.4 temporal conjunction37 3.5 summary.38 chapter four a case study with quantitative analysis in grammmatical cohesive devices.40 4.1 quantitative study.40 4.2 chinese grammatical cohesive devices in proportion to english42 chapter five translation of grammmatical cohesive devices in english and chinese text.44 5.1 textual cohesion and translation44 5.2 ways of translating grammatical cohesive devices.45 5.2.1 equivalent or near-equivalent translation45 5.2.2 non-equivalent translation.46 5.2.2.1 adding or omitting the grammatical cohesive devices.46 5.2.2.2 rearranging the grammatical cohesive devices.47 chapter six conclusion.49 bibliography52 acknowledgements.55 publication56 关于学位论文原创性和使用授权的声明 本人所呈交的学位论文，是在导师指导下，独立进行科学研究所取 得的成果。对在论文研究期间给予的指导、帮助和做出重要贡献的个人 或集体，均在文中明确说明。本声明的法律责任由本人承担。 本人完全了解山东农业大学有关保留和使用学位论文的规定，同意 学校保留和按要求向国家有关部门或机构送交论文纸质本和电子版，允 许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权山东农业大学可以将本学位论文的全部 或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复印 手段保存论文和汇编本学位论文，同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所将 本学位论文收录到中国学位论文全文数据库，并向社会公众提供信 息服务。 保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定。 论文作者签名： 导 师 签 名： 日 期： 英汉语法衔接手段对比与翻译研究：以红字及其两个汉译本为例 4 chapter one introduction cohesion is the basis of text understanding. the cohesive devices are the ones that make the language concise, information prominent and logic clear. since the theory of cohesion put forward by halliday b) contrastive studies of english and chinese by lian shuneng; c) a contrastive study of cohesion in english and chinese by zhu yongsheng, zheng lixin and miao xingwei. 1.1 selected corpus of the research in the research field of discourse analysis, scholars have attached great importance to 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 5 cohesion. halliday it is a semantic unit. halliday it is realized by, or encoded in, sentences.” 2.1.2 definitions of cohesion after halliday theme-rheme, information and context in systemic-functional grammar and some research achievements in pragmatics, so that he can expound devices and reasons of cohesion and coherence in a wider range. he particularly stresses that under special circumstances the cohesion between linguistic components cannot guarantee the communicative intentions to reach coherence all the time; on the other hand, the text without noticeable cohesion is sometimes coherent in context. in his book, he adds some chinese data to his analysis. as wang zongyan comments in the preface of the book written by hu zhuanglin (1994), hallidays readers are those who generally know english, so the examples are all from english; hu zhuanglin (1994) knows that his book is mainly intended for chinese readers, so he expounds the features of chinese texts besides english samples, and he also notices the differences between english and chinese. zhu yongsheng (2001) has made an encouraging further investigation in this field and adopted the latest research achievements at home and abroad, and made a description in detail, by analyzing huge amount of data of the differences between english and chinese cohesive devices of the text. he has dealt with the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices, and has made the most specific and systematic description and contrast by far in china of reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, reiteration, synonymy, hyponymy and collocation, and his functions in the text. in addition, he accepts opinions of different kinds to promote his point of views, and finally succeeds in effective and three-dimensional discussion. what is more important is that he has investigated the reasons that cause the differences from both the linguistic and the cultural systems. in addition, his study has applied values to both english language teaching and translation activities. according to the view of zhang delu and liu rushan (2003:109), the present studies done by halliday and hasan and hu zhuanglin are still within the confinement of text and thus are incomplete and inadequate in expositive force. they produce the idea of cohesive 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 13 relation between text and context for breaking the limit and solving the existing problems in the theory of cohesion. they divide the cohesion into two types: implicit and explicit. the former is established between text and context and the latter is displayed in the text. the implicit cohesion cannot be found within the text or co-text. it can only be inferred from situational or cultural context by the hearer interpreter. the books on cohesion and text translation in english and chinese discussed above will have a great influence on the future study in this field, as they have both theoretical and practical values in translation practice as well as in language teaching. 2.3 creativity of this thesis many scholars have done a lot of research on cohesion and contributed to the theory of cohesion. however, there are still some questions. hallidays research on cohesion is exclusively on the basis of english text. his research is detailed and systematic, but it only categorizes the cohesive devices in english language. with regard to the study and application of hallidays theory of cohesion, it is essential to make a contrastive study between two languages, so that we can find the difference and similarity. as for the contrastive study of cohesion, it is the domestic study that really counts. contrastive studies of cohesion in english and chinese have been implemented by scholars like hu zhuanglin, but these studies are not systematic enough and fail to fully discuss the reasons that cause the difference. zhu yongsheng, zheng lixin and miao xingwei have adopted the latest achievements, and have made a specific description of differences of the cohesive devices between english and chinese. the most important is that they have explored the reason that causes the difference from both the linguistic and cultural systems. but they do not attach enough importance to the application to english-chinese translation. since the translation is closely related to languages, so the new achievement in cohesion can be introduced into the field of translation. therefore, this paper will give a comprehensive and systematic contrastive analysis on grammatical cohesive devices of the english novel the scarlet letter and its two chinese versions, finding out the differences and similarities of grammatical cohesive devices applied in these two languages and its basic factors causing these distinctions; through the comparison of its two chinese translations, it will probe the best way of translation on grammatical 英汉语法衔接手段对比与翻译研究：以红字及其两个汉译本为例 14 cohesion and discuss how the grammatical cohesive differences between the two languages affect translation strategies in the translation practice systematically. 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 15 chapter three a contrast in grammatical cohesive devices between the scarlet letter and its translations this chapter is devoted only to the contrastive study of grammatical cohesion with the intension of identifying some regularities and their relevance to english-chinese translation through the comparison of two chinese versions of the scarlet letter. different languages have different cohesive devices. the fact that cohesion is a kind of common phenomenon existing both in chinese and english makes it possible to discuss the topic of grammatical cohesion in the translation between two languages. however, different languages may show a different tendency towards the use of some specific types of cohesive devices for creating texts. realization of cohesive devices of the source text cannot certainly result in the properness of cohesive devices of target text. the contrast of the two languages in cohesive devices would lay a helpful foundation for the effective inter-lingual translation. each language has its own cohesion strategies, which must be followed in order for a translation to be clear and natural, with a high degree of readability. the translator should not simply follow the cohesion strategies of the source text, so to avoid production of disjointed or choppy translation. cohesion is realized by certain cohesive devices, which can be classified into five categories consisting of reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical. in this chapter, a contrastive study on grammatical cohesion will certainly shed some light on the features of textual cohesion in chinese and english. 3.1 reference generally speaking, the term “reference” used in semantics is to show the relationship between a word and the real item it points to. while in halliday and hasans model of cohesion, certain items can make reference to something else for their interpretation instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right (halliday their referents are defined by the speech roles of speaker and hearer, and hence they are normally interpreted exophorically, by reference to the situation” (halliday and hasan, 2001: 48).for example: 1. the women who were now standing about the prison-door stood within less than half a century of the period when the man-like elizabeth had been the not altogether unsuitable representative of the sex. they were her countrywomen: and the beef and ale of their native land, with a moral diet not a whit more refined, entered largely into their composition. 胡译：当时在牢门附近站着的妇女们，和那位堪称代表女性的男子气概的伊丽莎白 相距不足半个世纪。她们是那位女王的乡亲：她们家乡的牛肉和麦酒，佐以未经提炼的 精神食粮，大量充实进她们的躯体。 傅译：如今站在牢门前的那些女人们，离开那位丈夫气的伊利萨伯作为女性的并非 完全不适当的代表的那个时代， 还不到半个世纪。 她们是她的同乡； 她们祖国的酒和肉， 同着一种并不比这精致一点儿的道德的食品，已经深深的糁入她们的组织中了。 obviously, “they” and “their” refer to “the women who were now standing about the prison-door”, and in its two translations “她们” correspondingly refer to “当时在牢门附近 站着的妇女们”; “她” refers to “伊利萨伯 ”. in order to distinguish the differences in personal reference between english and chinese, the table of personal reference in english and their counterpart in chinese is listed below (halliday its convulsive tossings gradually ceased; and in a few moments, as is the custom of young children after relief from pain, it sank into a profound and dewy slumber. 胡译：患病的小家伙的呻唤平息了，痉挛般的扭动也逐渐停止了，过了一会儿，就 像病儿解除痛苦之后惯见的那样，香甜地进入了梦乡。 傅译：那小病人的呻吟平息下去；它的痉挛的颤动也渐渐停止；几分钟之后 就照着儿童们痛苦除去之后的习惯，沉入一种深沉的如露的睡眠中了。 this example is a typical instance of the omission of personal forms in chinese which usually have to exist in english. in example 8, “its” and “it” refer to “the little patient” which create a semantic relation between sentences in the text. if omitted, misunderstanding will be caused and the sentences are incohesive. but in its corresponding chinese version, its not necessary to always use such a reference. so in hus translation, no personal reference is used except for the subject “小家伙”. the brevity of the text is reserved. compared with hus version, fus translation is less better, he uses “它的” once to refer to “the little patient”. however, it still can be seen that there is a higher frequency in the use of personal forms in english than in chinese. also, we have mentioned in 2.3.2, english is a typical subject-prominent language, so the subject, as an indispensable element, cannot be omitted in the thematic structure. 3.1.2 demonstrative reference according to halliday and hasan (2001:57), “demonstrative reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing. the speaker identifies the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity.” generally speaking, “this”, “these” and “here” imply proximity to the speaker, “that”, “those” and “there” imply distance from the speaker, which may or may not involve proximity to the addressee. the following table shows the system of demonstrative reference in english clearly. (halliday she shall never know an earthly one!” 胡译：“我的孩子应该寻求一个上天的父亲；她将永远不会知道有一个世俗的父亲 的！” 傅译：“我的孩子必须去寻一个天上的父亲；她永远不会知道地上的父亲了！” 24. shame, despair, solitude! these had been her teachersstern and wild ones and they had made her strong, but taught her much amiss. 胡译：耻辱，绝望，孤寂！-这些就是她的教师，而且是一些严格粗野的教师，他 们既使她坚强，也教会她出岔子。 傅译：羞辱、绝望、孤独！这些做了她的先生，-严厉而粗野的先生，-他们使她 强壮了起来，可是也教错了她不少。 from above two examples, “one” and “ones” substitute for “father” and “teachers” respectively, thus the texts are cohesive without using the repeated words. while both the chinese translations repeat the corresponding words rather than using substitution. 3.2.2 verbal substitution the verbal substitution means using pro-forms (including the substitute words and drill patterns) to express those above mentioned verbs or verbal phrases to avoid repetition. the most common verb substitute in english is “do” while in chinese we usually use “来/弄/干/ 搞” to express the same meaning. in the process of translation, there still exist some noticeable differences between english and chinese verbal substitution. on the occasion when “do” is typically used in english, repetition of the verbal phrase in the preceding text is used in chinese instead of using any verbal substitutes since chinese tends to use lexical means to express the grammatical meaning(wang dongfeng, shen dan, 1999:83). of course, 山东农业大学硕士学位论文 29 sometimes verbal substitution can also be translated directly from one language into another. for example: 25. “we are not, hester, the worst sinners in the world. there is one worse than even the polluted priest! that old mans revenge has been blacker than my sin. he has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. thou and i, hester, never did so!” 胡译：“海丝特，我们并不是世上最坏的罪人。还有一个人，甚至比受到玷污的教 士还要坏！那老人的复仇比我的罪过更见不得人。他阴险地凌辱一颗神圣不可侵犯的心 灵。你和我，海丝特，从来没干过这种事！” 傅译：“赫丝脱啊，我们还不是世界上最坏的罪人。还有一个比我这玷污了的牧师 更坏的人哩！那个老头儿的报复，实在比我的罪孽更邪恶。他冷血地侵犯了一个人心的 神圣不可侵犯性。你和我，赫丝脱，从没有这样干过！” its obvious that “did” substitute for “violate the sanctity of a human heart”, and in its chinese translation, “干” is used for substitution, which also avoids repetition. 26. “the child shall be well cared for!-far better than thou canst do it.” 胡译：“这孩子会受到很好的照顾的！-远比你能办到的要强。” 傅译：“孩子会得好好照管的啊！-比你自己照管起来要好得多。” 27. “it was debated whether or no, with safety to the commonweal, yonder scarlet letter might be taken off your bosom. on my life, hester, i made my intreaty to the worshipful magistrate that it might be done forthwith.” 胡译：“大家议论起，要是把你胸前的红字取下来，会不会对公众的好运有妨碍。 我敢发誓，海丝特，我当即恳求那可敬的长官，这事应予立即施行！” 傅译：“他们讨论，如果那个猩红字母从你的胸前取消了，究竟对于公众的幸福有 没有妨碍。凭着我的生命说，赫丝脱，我曾恳求那位可敬的知事，立刻就把他取消！” in examples 26 and 27, “do” and “done” separately substitute for the verbal phrases “be well cared for” and “take off the scarlet letter from hesters bosom”. for fus translation, bot