《劳动力与失业》PPT课件.ppt

第三讲 劳动力与失业 Labor Force and Unemployment 一、劳动力 Labor Force (Manpower，Workforce) 1.劳动力的概念Labor Force of Definition 存在于活的人体之中 Existing in living human body； 人生产某种使用价值或提供某种劳务时所运用的 能力Power or competence to be used to produce application value or provide some service； 是体力与脑力的总和Sum of physical and intelligent power。 一、劳动力 Labor Force (Manpower, Workforce) 2.劳动力的再生产 Reproduction 体力与脑力的恢复Recovering of physical and intelligent power ； 补充与增加Supplement and addition 体质的增强与劳动技能的提高Strengthening body and improving work skill Labor force The labor force is all the nonmilitary people who are officially employed or unemployed. In 2005, the worldwide labor force was over 3 billion people. 所有非军人的就业与失业者 Normally, the labor force of a country (or other geographic entity) consists of everyone of working age (typically above a certain age (around 14 to 16) and below retirement (around 65) who are participating workers, that is people actively employed or seeking employment. 劳动适龄者 People not counted include students, retired people, stay-at-home parents, people in prisons or similar institutions, people employed in jobs or professions with unreported income, as well as discouraged workers who cannot find work. 不包括者 Labor force In the United States, the labor force is defined as people 16 years old or older who are employed or looking for work. Child labor laws in the United States forbid employing people under 18 in hazardous jobs.在美国，劳动适龄者需16岁以上 In the United States, the unemployment rate is estimated by a household survey called the Current Population Survey, conducted monthly by the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics. 美国的家庭调查 The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the size of the workforce. 失业率 An unemployed person is defined as a person not employed but actively seeking work. 失业者 Labor force participation rate The size of the workforce is defined as those employed plus those unemployed. 劳动力规模 Participation rate is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort (national population of the same age range). 劳动力参与率 In the West during the later half of the 20th century, the labor force participation rate increased significantly, largely due to the increasing number of women entering the workplace. 西方国家劳动力参与率提升 Labor force participation rate The labor force participation rate is a key component in long- term economic growth, almost as important as productivity. 劳动 力参与率的重要性 If a large amount of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed, then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can outpace the growth in employment.新 增劳动力可导致失业增加 劳动力资源Labor Force Resource 在劳动年龄范围内有劳动能力的人口Population having working ability within working age range 男1660周岁，女1655周岁 Male 16-60 years old, Female 16-55 years old in China 讨论Discussion 1.要不要同年龄退休？Retire at the same age for male and Female? 2.要不要提前退休？Retire in advance or not? 3.很快会推迟至63岁退休。Retire at age of 63 in near future. 4.要不要女士在家，男士拿双倍工资？Lady stays at home, man is double repaid? 3.劳动力资源的质量 Quality of Labor Force Resource 体质与智能两方面physical 8小时工作制8-hour working time;35小时 工作制35-houre working time;4天工作3天休息？ 4-day working time and 3-day rest?），法定节假 日legal holidays - 最低工资标准lowest salary level - 城镇失业率控制线unemployment rate control bottom line - 工资增长指导线 salary increasing guide line 4.劳动力市场Labor Market 基本社会保险（养老金、失业金、医疗、公积金） Basic social insurances (pension, unemployment fund, medical fund, accumulation fund ) 劳动安全保护work safety and protection 市场制度的三要素3 key elements of labor market： - 最低劳动标准lowest working limit（最低工资标准与 最长劳动时间标准lowest salary and longest working time）￥1450 monthly ￥ 12.5 hourly in Shanghai since April,2012. - 最低社会保障basic social protection（保险 insurance、救济relief、福利welfare、优抚 preferential treatment compensation and comfort ） - 工会组织union（权利与义务right and obligation） 二、就业与失业 Employment or the process of getting there via price adjustment. Unemployment Types Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) a British economist whose ideas greatly influenced economic thinking in the 20th century. Keynes believed that governments should use public money to control the level of employment, for example by spending money on public works (=buildings, roads etc built by the government) in order to provide more jobs in periods of high unemployment. John Maynard Keynes，约翰梅纳德凯恩斯,一般称作凯恩斯 （或译为凯因斯），英国经济学家。凯恩斯最卓越的成就是他在 宏观经济学上的贡献。一反自18世纪亚当斯密以来尊重市场机 制、反对人为干预的经济学思想，凯恩斯主张政府应积极扮演经 济舵手的角色，透过财政与货币政策来对抗景气衰退乃至于经济 萧条。 Unemployment Types Voluntary unemployment 自愿失业is attributed to the individuals decisions. Whereas involuntary unemployment非自愿失业 exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. Unemployment Types However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, while classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties.结构 失业反映经济与法律政策的选择 Hidden, or covered, unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics, due to the way the statistics are collected. 潜在失业者未 被官方统计 Long-term unemployment is normally defined, for instance in European Union statistics, as unemployment lasting for longer than on