The Analysis of the Disadvantages and Reasons of the Rising of of the International Status of China in the International Trade from a Cultural Point o

从文化角度浅析国际地位提高对我国贸易的弊端及其原因the analysis of the disadvantages and reasons of the rising of the international status of china in the international trade from a cultural point of view abstract after the end of world war , peace and development have become the theme all around the world. and the world economy presents favorably prosperity and vitality as a whole. with the further development of economic globalization and deeper interaction among countries, international trade has been booming. since the reform and opening-up, chinas economy has developed rapidly and its comprehensive national powers have been greatly increased; so as the chinas foreign trade. however, with the increasingly rise of chinas international status, some problems arise in the process of foreign trading with other countries, such as imbalance of import and export structure, increasingly trade conflicts and unrest of chinas foreign exchange market, etc. and every countrys own culture has its unique characteristics and background and is different from each other; the communications among countries can be seen as their cultural interactions. culture affects human beings every daily activity, ranging from economy, politics and other social aspects to the ways of thinking, values and other humans consciousness activities. in view of cultures essence and its influences, an increasing number of countries have been advocated to the development of their cultures, which are aimed to serve the economic development. this paper will analyze the problems that occurred in chinas foreign trading and their reasons from the cultural perspective and will offer some solutions based on the analysis. the first part of this paper is the introduction to the background; the second part includes the overviews of the previous research achievements; then comes to the discussions of new problems as a result of the rising of the chinese international status and their reasons from points of cultural view. the last part is the conclusion of the study including some advices for practical use. key words: foreign trade (import and export trade), chinas international status, cultureii摘要二战结束以来，和平与发展成为世界的主题，世界经济总体上呈现繁荣发展现象。随着经济全球化的进一步发展和国家之间的日益频繁交往，国际贸易繁荣发展。改革开放以来，中国经济发展迅速，综合国力不断增强，对外贸易也得到快速发展。但随着中国国际地位的日渐提高，中国对外贸易过程中也出现了一些新问题，如进出口贸易结构失衡异常明显，贸易摩擦激增，外汇市场动荡等。不同的国家有不同的文化背景特点；而国与国之间的交往也是各国文化之间的交往。文化影响着人类社会的一切活动，包括经济，政治等社会生活方面，也包括思维方式，价值观取向等人类意识活动。鉴于文化的本质和影响力，越来越多的国家日渐致力于发展本国的特色文化，努力使文化最大可能地为经济发展服务。本文从文化角度分析对中国外贸易过程中出现的问题及其原因，并据此提出解决问题的办法，希望对我国进出口贸易的发展有所帮助。文章第一部分论述本文写作国际国内背景；第二部分总结国内外从文化角度分析国际地位提高对贸易的影响；第三部分分析中国国际地位对我国进出口贸易的不利影响；第四部分从文化角度分析产生不利影响的原因；最后部分是总结全文并提出避开这些不利影响的建议。 关键词：对外贸易（进出口贸易）;中国国际地位;文化iii table of contentsacknowledgements.iabstract in english.iiabstract in chinese.iii1. introduction11.1 background of the study11.2 significance and purpose of the study21.3 organization of the paper32. literature review42.1 the concepts about culture and economic interests42.2 the absolute advantage of americas foreign trading52.3 foreign trade of china as a rising developing country73new reflections of the disadvantages of the china foreign trade93.1 imbalance of import and export structure93.1.1 general situation of current international trade structure93.1.2 chinas import and export structure103.2 chinas foreign trade challenges12iv3.2.1 worries from the international community about the rise of china123.2.2 increasingly trade conflicts of china123.2.3 unrest of chinas foreign exchange market144. analyzing the reasons from cultural point of view164.1 the cultural background of “china threat” and trade protectionism164.2 characteristics of chinese culture175. conclusion205.1 resolutions to solve the conflicts205.2 study limitations and advices for further study21works cited22v1. introduction1.1 background of the study after world war , the world has been in a relatively stable and peaceful environment; and peace and development have become the theme of all around the world. under such circumstances, and with the further development of economic globalization and deeper interaction among countries, trades among countries have been increasing greatly. according to wto statistics, the growth rate of the world economy in the early half of the 20th century was 2.3%; the number in the latter half of the century was 3.4%. entering into the 21st century, the reflections of world economic developments were ineffective; the global gdp growth in 2001was 2.4%, 2002 3% and 2003 3.2%; while from the year 2004 on until the outbreak of the financial crisis in late 2007, during the period the economy have shown a strong development momentum and the global trades have risen sharply. the global trade growth rate in 2003 was 4.5%, 7.5% in 2004, as shown in the wto annual reports. the world economy and trade are gradually on the way to theirs recovery and prosperity after the global financial crisis in late 2007. take china as an example. according to china statistics bureau, gdp in 2010 rose by 10.3% compared with 8.7% in 2009; and the export and import volumes in 2010 increased by 31.3%, 38.7% respectively; all these show that we are experiencing the recovery from the financial crisis. on the other hand, competition among countries is increasingly intensified; and every country makes full use of the international advantages and its own various resources to improve its comprehensive national powers, thus enhances its international status. now an increasing number of countries develop not just only theirs economy or politics to seek for interests, they are also paying attention to the blossom and expansion of their own special culture. because they are aware that culture constitutes a crucial factor in the concept of comprehensive national powers and that culture is of great importance in prospering economy and gaining benefits in the international community. if a country wants to gain more from such an environment-replenishing with development opportunities and challenges, it has to put the development of national culture on a strategic position. these can explain why over recent years the “cultural waves” such as the spread and establishment of confucius institute and cultural years among countries, etc, are so popular and compelling. however, every culture has its unique features and is different from one another; interactions with each other inevitably cause conflicts, which in turn produce certain side-effects to a countrys development, such as trade frictions in the foreign trading.from above, a country has to learn how to deal correctly with the relation of culture and interests when it engages in the development of economy and foreign trade, and make culture serve to its interests goals. only in this way, it can survive in the competitive environment. 1.2 significance and purpose of the study china is a rising star in the international community. with the improvement of its comprehensive national strengths and economy capacity, it has a lot of challenges to face. for instance, many problems like the concept of “china threat” and increasingly newly-born trade frictions in foreign trade as its international status rises. this paper aims to discuss and analyze the new problems and the causes from a cultural perspective in import and export trades among countries, from which some suggestions are made for people to have a better understanding and would do better in foreign trade activities and much easier to find ways to do with the problems by fostering strengths and circumventing weaknesses.1.3 organization of the paper the first part of this paper is the introduction to the background, and significance of the study; the second part includes the overviews of the previous research achievements; then comes to the discussions of new problems as a result of the rising of the chinese international status and their reasons from points of cultural view. the last part is the conclusion of the study including some advices for practical use.2. literature review2.1 the concepts about culture and economic interests the definition of culture from britannica online encyclopedia 2009m is that integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that is both a result of an integral to humankinds capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. culture thus consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, and works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and symbols. it has played a crucial role in human evolution, allowing human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes rather than depend solely on natural selection to achieve adaptive success and it is connected with humans every activity to certain extent, in direct or indirect way. there are two viewpoints concluded in the culture and international relations (pan,yihe, 2005) suggesting the relations of culture and politics or economy; one is that “culture is “the third aspect” that second to politics and economy, or it can be said apart from the international military, international politics and economy, culture is “the fourth aspect” of the diplomacy-cultural diplomacy; another one emphasizes on the “comprehensiveness” of culture, namely culture is a complex concept covering politics, economy, society and entertainment and so on. these are concluded in view of the international relations, and from the first viewpoint, we get the concept of cultural diplomacy. hu,tengjiao, the author of on cultural diplomacy (j,2009), defines cultural diplomacy as a diplomatic activities that when sovereign countries deal with foreign relations, it achieves foreign strategic intention or purposes through various cultural means and measures that consisting of its own political philosophy, political culture and ideology as its main cultural contents. and in on cultural diplomacy, he points out that cultural diplomacy is lubrication abandons for economic cooperation as one of its functions; that culture-values guiding function for international trade and capital flow is greatly enhanced; and more and more countries are exploring ways through cultural diplomacy to strengthen its influences and edges in the world economy. and early in 1929, some officials from british cultural affairs refuted those who suspected the idea whether trading could benefit from cultural activities by stating that “the responses of trading to our well-planned culture infusion are absolutely certain and will be very quickly”. after the war, western countries once had bitter debates over whether culture should combine with industry; from the functions of culture, they believed that the business mode of export-orientation should integrate culture and industrial strategies together. even in the information revolution era, its more obvious that culture attaches great importance to seek economic interests, because economy cannot be separated from culture, brand from emotion or value from conventions. another concept that embodies culture and economic interests is “public diplomacy”. tang,xiaosong, wang,yiwei defines public diplomacy in exploration of public diplomacy from abroad (j, 2005) as public relations campaigns launched by a countrys government directly designing to other countrys public for improving its international image, mainly consisting of the transmission of information and cultural values. tang and wang conclude that public diplomacy is the supplementary means to economic diplomacy; that it can bring economic interests for a country, for it can help open the foreign market and stimulate exports, thus to improve the trading environment and conditions. 2.2 the absolute advantage of americas foreign trading huangxin sums up in research of americas cultural diplomatic strategy after cold war（j, 2010）that “americas diplomatic strategy on thought and culture exporting ideology and values to other countries has lasted for a long timethis cultural strategy has consisted of the organic constituents of the nations overall strategy of americathe united states through carefully planned cultural strategy with clear purposes and specific means uses its resource to achieve its goals and gain benefits in the globe”. he also indicates that after the end of the cold war, with the accelerating of globalization and the increasingly close of worldwide cultural exchange and cooperation, america has spread to other parts of the world its traditional culture and values, and consciously taken american culture as “frontier army” to conquer other countries and to seek for ultimate interests. an example in exploration of public diplomacy from abroad (j, 2005) is that in the early 20th century, america made great impact on overseas consumers by public diplomacy and resulted in the increase of export from $930 million to $120 billion. according to shen,boming and his contemporary american economic and trade (1996): after world war two, america surpassed great britain and become the only superpower politically and economically in the world. by carrying out the marshall plan and other policies, america almost had controlled to some extent all the foreign trade of western european countries. in 1960 the value america exported to five countries-west germany, britain, france, italy, and the netherlands were amounted to $45 billion, and imported from these countries about $29 billion, which means that the surplus is $16 billion, quite a huge number at that time. after a medium-speed development in the1950s and 1960s, the americas foreign trade experienced a high-speed growth in the 1970s and remained to the early 1980s, cited shen,boming(1996: 136); the total value of americas import and export commodities in 1970 was $827 million, the number in 1980 was $4655 billion，annual growth on average reached to 18.9%. even when americas merchandise exports were surpassed by west germany or germany and occupied the second place in 1978, 1990, the value of its foreign trade remained at the top of the world. american exports in 1987 accounted for10.6% of the proportion of the worlds total exports, rose to 11.7% in 1990, 12.8% in 1993, and in 1994 the number was 12%. in 1995, the value of the total import and export commodities was $1.3547 trillion, surpassed germany more than $400 billion. so far, because of the rise of a few large economic entities like european union, china and india, the u.s. trade monopoly position has gradually disappeared-no more trade surpluses to other countries but the trade deficits are deteriorating; however its trading advantages still exists and functions well in economic development. from analysis of the u.s.-china trade surplus (j, 2008), tian,liqun states that about u.s.-china trade surplus, in essence, its u.s. who gains the upper hand, because china and u.s. are in different levels among the international division of labor and possess different comparative edges-china belongs to the labor-intensive, while u.s.s high-tech industries are the most advanced in the world; and the u.s.-china trade surpluses over the years are due to 1): the transfer of the international industries; 2): the surpluses are worked out by the “rule of the origin”; 3): u.s.s policy of the technology export control has greatly limits its comparative advantages; 4): impetus from the foreign-invested enterprise. 2.3 foreign trade of china as a rising developing country china is rich in cultural resources, yet it is still not a cultural super power. in recent years, with the rise of chinas international status and cultural factors become day by day prominent in the national foreign strategy, china has strived to realize the transformation of china from as a country rich in cultural resources to a culture industry superpower through reviving and innovating chinese traditional culture; meanwhile china has actively taken part in international multilateral cultural exchanges, hence cultural activities with foreign countries are unprecedentedly prosperous and cultural factors are more and more important in foreign policies. according to chinese cultural diplomacy under the globalization (j, 2009): since the founding of the peoples republic of china (prc), china has launched a series of cultural diplomatic activities and achieved satisfactory results; so far, china has sign inter-governmental cultural cooperation agreements with 145 countries and regions and set up chinese cultural centers in france, egypt, south korea and other countries; the number of confucius institute started to establish in 2004 was up to more than 200 in november 2007; and china also successfully held many cultural activities such as sino-france, sino-italy cultural years, and the “travel of chinese culture”. all these cultural activities or policies can in turn promote chinas foreign trade indirectly. from huo,jianguos chinas foreign trade and its national competitive edges (2004:69), over more than 30 years after the reform and open-up in the late 1970s, with the increasingly development of chinas economy and the rising of its international status, chinas import and export trading has entered into a new era: the total value of import and export trades soared up from 206.4 billion dollars in 1978 to 6027.9 billion dollars in 2002, increased as much as 30 times; the ratio of its export trade to the worlds total export trade rose from 0.75% in 1978 to 5.1% in 2002; and in the rank of the worlds export trade, china le