The Use of Suggestion in English Teaching暗示在英语教学中的应用.doc

暗示在英语教学中的应用the use of suggestion in english teaching 中文摘要暗示在教学中是必不可缺的一种辅助手段。暗示系统地运用于教学起源于20世纪60年代，保加利亚心理学家格里戈里. 洛扎诺夫创立的“暗示教学法”。 在英语教学中，暗示教学法被证明是一种有一定效用的教学方法。基于此教学法，暗示在教学过程中也被广泛地使用着，特别是在英语教学过程中，它也是一种很有效的方法。暗示分为许多种类，每一种在英语教学中都是不可缺少的。在英语课堂教学中，恰当地运用暗示能够有效地提高教学以及学习效率，因此，在未来的语言教学中，暗示教学应该被广泛地拥护。本文试图探讨暗示教学在初中英语教学中的适用性，并侧重于暗示教学是否能对学生的学习产生影响。关键词：暗示，英语教学，学习效率abstract the use of suggestion is necessary in english teaching. it originated from the teaching method called “suggestopedia”, which was developed by a bulgarian psychologist, georgi lozanov in the 1960s. suggestopedia is proved to be an effective method of english teaching. based on this, suggestion is widely used in the process of teaching. especially in the process of english teaching, it is also an effective way. there are many types of suggestion, all of which are essential in english teaching. appropriate use of suggestion in classroom teaching can highly improve teaching as well as study efficiency. therefore it should be widely advocated in future language teaching. this study tries to explore the possibility of using suggestion in english teaching in the middle school. more specially, it mainly attempts to find out whether suggestion has effects on students study.key words: suggestion, english teaching, study efficiencycontentsabstract .introduction .1. literature review.1a. origins of the word “suggestion” .1b. original use of suggestion in english teaching .2c. the purpose of suggestion in teaching 2.the use of suggestion in english teaching .3a. types of suggestion .3b. the function of suggestion .31 .language suggestion .32. eye contact suggestion .53. facial expression suggestion .64. gesture suggestion .75. teaching aids suggestion .96. study atmosphere suggestion .9. research design .10a. research questions .10b. subjects .11c. procedures .11d. instruments .12. data collection and analysis .12. discussion .14a. major findings .14b. implications of the findings .15. conclusion .15a. conclusions.15b. limitations and suggestions .15references 17appendix .1920.introductionthere is an ancient chinese proverb, “a childs life is just like a piece of blank paper, on which every passerby can leave his or her footprint.” therefore, it is obvious that the teacher must have left a lot of footprints on those pieces of blank paper, for most of a childs life is spent on studying. whether those footprints are beneficial or not will deeply affect the life of a child. it is not difficult to imagine how important a role the teacher plays. however, education involves not only the teachers teaching but also the students learning. that is to say, education is a series of communicative process of teachers teaching and students learning. and english teaching is also a communicative unity of the interaction of teaching and learning. both the teacher and the students must participate in it together and cooperate with each other. english teaching will not exist without the communication between the teacher and the students. it is essential that a competent english teacher must have high professional level, but also can adeptly use communication skills to arouse the students study initiative. in order to communicate effectively in the process of teaching, the teacher has to use both verbal suggestion and nonverbal suggestion. . literature reviewthe word “suggestion” derives from the latin words “suggero”, “suggessi”, “suggestu”, which mean lay up, encourage, and suggest. (blair, 1987) suggestion means in order to fulfill ones objective, people use implicit or indirect methods to make effects on ones psychology or behavior. people can easily be suggested in many aspects, such as sensation, perception, memory, imagination, thinking, affection, and will. besides, people can also combine subconsciousness and consciousness unawarely, in order to fulfill their predetermined objective. suggestion is a special kind of psychological consciousness, which can affect the learners psychology indirectly. the systematic use of psychological suggestion in english teaching was initiated in 1960s. georgi lozanov, a bulgarian psychologist, developed a teaching method called “suggestopedia”, which utilizes techniques of yoga relaxation and connection to tap subconscious process in increasing retention of large amounts of vocabulary. (shu， 2005 ) he used this method in english teaching, and then got surprising result. he taught the students in an english experimental group, for about 31 days, and then the students learned more than 1600 vocabulary items. (wu， 2003 ) it can be concluded that the use of suggestion is significant in english teaching. suggestion in teaching means the teacher consciously utilizes suggestion principles to influence on the students psychology and behavior by all kinds of implicit and indirect methods. as yu (2004) said, “create high motivation, and establish psychological tendency of developing ones potential. in the process of studying and communicating, organize all sorts of unconscious suggestion maximally, holding the aspect that the student is a complete individual.” (p. 97) .although suggestopedia has certain merits as a system of teaching, it is not approved by all, mainly because the unusual and sometimes mystical procedures it adopts. however, the usefulness of suggestion in teaching in a general sense cannot be denied. the purpose of suggestion in teaching is developing students individual potential maximally by adding various influences on the students, and creating different conditions. in classroom teaching, appropriate use of suggestion can create tacit agreement between teacher and students, stimulate the students interests, strengthen teaching effects, and help to improve teaching efficiency. the use of suggestion in english teachingthis chapter introduces types of suggestion, and then describes in detail the functions of each type of suggestion.a. types of suggestionnow that suggestion is very important and necessary in english teaching, the teacher must be adept in using it in classroom teaching. generally speaking, there are two major kinds of suggestion: verbal suggestion and nonverbal suggestion. verbal suggestion refers to language suggestion; while nonverbal suggestion includes eye contact suggestion, facial expression suggestion, gestures suggestion, teaching aids suggestion, and study atmosphere suggestion, all of which play very important roles in english teaching.b. functions of suggestion1. language suggestionlanguage suggestion is the major method of suggestion. it refers to the suggestion made by the english teacher in the process of teaching by the variation of voice, the use of everyday wording, and the method of using english to teach english.the variation of voice refers to the changes of emphasis, volume, tone, intonation, pitch of voices, and the speaking pace. in classroom teaching, teaching emphasis can be highly stressed by raising the speaking volumes, and changing the pace of speaking. the changes of voice can also be an effective suggestion to the students who are not listening to the teacher carefully. for instance, if the teacher finds out that a student is absent-minded and lowers his or her voice gradually, the student will turn his attention to the teacher immediately. this is better than shouting at the student. besides, this suggestion is easier to protect the students self-esteem.using english to teach english is also an important teaching method. in the english classroom, its better for the teacher to speak english than chinese. on the one hand, when the teacher presents the new lesson in english, he also uses the new words or expressions, and this will set up a good model of using what they have just learned. on the other hand, the teacher also creates a good atmosphere of speaking english. as we all know, appropriate language atmosphere is quite essential for language learning. if the teacher speaks english in class all the time, it will rest an active suggestion on the students: its not difficult to learn english. we can learn it well by a lot of speaking, listening, thinking, and using.whats more, frequent uses of english daily wordings and polite words can also have positive suggestion influences on the students, because the students may feel closer to their teacher. for instance, if the teacher uses “no” or “not” to express negative meaning, it is better than speak chinese words, which seem to be more direct in expressing negative meanings. at the same time, polite words also have positive influences on the students. for example, if a student is so quiet that she dares not to speak english, the teacher can use language suggestion to help her, “please try your best. i believe you can say it by yourself.” hearing these words, the student must have set up self-confidence, and then she dares to speak english.there is no doubt that language suggestion is important in english teaching. when using it, the teacher has to pay attention to at least two points. first, the language must be accurate, concise and comprehensive. then the suggestive language must have the effect of stimulation and encouragement. positive suggestion can help the students set up self-confidence, and improve their study interest, whereas negative suggestion will have the opposite effects.2. eye contact suggestionit is said that eyes are the windows of the mind. if you want to understand a person, you should first notice his eyes. according to the scientists research, our eyebrows have more than forty kinds of changes, and the action of closing our eyelids has twenty or thirty kinds. adding the turns of our eyeballs, all together our eyes can express quite a lot of gesture language. therefore, the suggestion of eye contact is of great importance. the teachers eye contact with the students can show their concerns for the students behavior. it can remind the absent-minded students to listen carefully and strengthen the students trustfulness with their teacher. besides, the students eyesight always reflects different kinds of information. for example, if a student cannot understand what the teacher said, his eyes will send some emotional signals, such as frustrating eyesight.at the beginning of the class, its essential for the teacher to look around the whole classroom. maybe some of the students are still absent-minded, some are moody because of quarrelling with others during the break, and others are unpleasant with the bad results of their tests. only a few of the students are aware of the ringing of the bell. under these circumstances, the teacher must play the role of a controller. when the teacher enters the classroom, he or she should look around the whole class, which suggests to the students that a new class begins; they must turn their concentration to the class immediately.during the process of teaching, the teacher must learn to choose different kinds of suggestion according to various real conditions. if some students are not listening to the teacher carefully, the teacher can look around the class while teaching and this action will be a suggestion of listening carefully. if some students are so nervous and timid that they dare not to answer any questions, the teacher should watch them attentively, which is the suggestion of encouragement. if some students are absent-minded, the teacher should glance at them quickly, which suggests them to concentrate on the class. because these students have a strong self-esteem, it is better to draw their attention and protect their self-esteem at the same time. appropriate communication of eye contact between the teacher and the students can easily establish a kind of harmonious relationship between them, which will lead to excellent teaching efficiency.3. facial expression suggestionusually the facial expression of a teacher is the place on which the students concentrate much. it is a powerful conveyor of meaning. face can reflect optimism, brightness, warmth and many more. as a teacher, he or she must learn to use facial expression to give suggestion to the students.teachers can express difficult emotions, such as those which are hard to express by words, subtle, profound, and complex, by using variations of facial expressions. therefore the teacher will draw the students attention, arouse their study interest, strengthen the teachers persuasiveness, and make the students completely understand what the teacher says, and furthermore improve their class efficiency. smiling is almost a universal signal of pleasure or welcome. it is commonly used by teachers. smile stands for happiness, friendliness, enthusiasm, and likes. for example, in the case that a teacher asks a student to sit down, if he or she says, “sit down, please.” with a smile, it will show an attitude of friendliness and encouragement, which may strengthen the students self-confidence and stimulate him to study harder. on the contrary, if the teacher says these words with a strict face, it will show an attitude of dissatisfaction and denial, which may lower the students initiative of study. a teacher should be adept in using smile in classroom teaching. when a student succeeds, a smile is an encouragement; when he encounters difficulties, a smile can strengthen his courage of solving those difficulties; when he makes a mistake, a smile will show the teachers understanding, forgiveness, and expectations to him. facial expression is easy to make, but its great functions are hard to replace.4. gesture suggestiongesture is a tool that can almost speak. it plays a significant role in classroom teaching. the teacher should master the skill of flexibly using gestures, because gestures can help to give prominence to the teachers figure of leader, and make the spoken language easily understood. gestures can express different kinds of meanings. for example, there are satisfaction gestures, directive gestures, image gestures, and so on. the teacher must learn to distinguish the meanings of various gestures, and choose to use them appropriately. when the classroom is full of noise, the teacher can just hold up his or her index finger to shush to the students, which is an effective suggestion of being quiet. this gesture suggestion is better than pure rebuke on the students. after a student does an excellent job, he needs the teachers positive approval and praise. therefore, the teacher should better hold up his or her thumb, and says, “you are very clever!”, “very good!”, “well done!”, “excellent!” with these words and gestures, the student will feel the delight of success. when the teacher tends to emphasize some important points on the blackboard, he or she can use gestures to point them out, which will draw the students attention. when the teacher needs some students to answer questions, he or she can call someones name and at the same time make a gesture of invitation, which will show respects to the students. then the students may feel comfortable and thus become willing to answer the questions. when the students are doing group activities, the teacher should move around the whole class to see if they have problems in doing their tasks. just standing still in front of the class will leave an impression that the teacher is hard to communicate. proper use of gestures can make the english class vivid and active, which will arouse the students initiative of study. but the teacher has to pay attention to the quantity of gestures he or she used, for excessive gestures will result in harmful effects on the students. therefore, the teacher has to exactly know the meanings of different gestures, and then properly use them in the process of teaching in order to improve teaching efficiency.5. teaching aids suggestion with the rapid development of educational technology, all sorts of teaching aids are widely used in english teaching, for example, the traditional teaching aid blackboard, and the modern ones multimedia. teaching aids are effective auxiliary tools of teaching. the teacher should learn to use different kinds of teaching aids to assist teaching. if the teacher wants to control the students attention, it is a better choice to use teaching aids. for example, when the teacher writes language points on the blackboard, it is better to emphasize the important ones with marks of emphasis or with colored chalk. all these can get the result of drawing the students attention. when the teacher uses pictures or slides to present the new lesson, it is an effective way to use pen or pointer to gather the students eyesight. this kind of suggestion easily draws the students attention and furthermore improves their study efficiency. on the other hand, if the teacher just simply shows the writings on the blackboard and some pictures without using any other teaching aids, it may be difficult for the students to grasp the important points, and therefore they may feel implicit and disordered about the new content. in order to avoid these kinds of situation, the teacher should choose to utilize appropriate teachin