An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friends 中英文翻译.docx

an analysis of cooperative principles and humorous effects in friends合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor.幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。the significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. about 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. however, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. one may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor.显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. one of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the past few decades is the development of pragmatics. it is not long before scholars apply pragmatics into humor analysis. the purpose of this thesis is to exploit the mechanisms of the generation and perception of humor from the pragmatics perspective. it is carried out with the help of the application of cooperative principles and its maxims; furthermore, the author also wants to probe into the obstacles which prohibit the english learners from understanding and appreciating the humorous utterances in friends as well as in daily life. furthermore, the author wants to discuss the possibility and effects of using humor in english teaching classes.在20世纪，语言学有了很大的发展，几乎在每一个领域学科从声音、单词或句子的意义和文本。与此同时，幽默的语言学研究有了很大的延伸到了社会、文化、务实的问题。其中最显著的成就是在过去的几十年里，在语言学中语用学的发展，这不是很久以前学者使用语用学里幽默的分析报告。本论文的目的是利用从语用学的角度看幽默的产生和感知的机制。它进行的应用程序是在合作原则和它的格言下实施的，此外，作者也想探讨禁止的英语学习者的障碍，理解和欣赏的朋友，以及在日常生活中的幽默话语，而且，作者想讨论用幽默在英语教学中的可能性和影响。the significance of the study, first of all, for people who are interested in humor and pragmatics or studying this topic, this thesis may be able to help them as a means of reference to study about english humor as well as its relation with the function of speech. moreover, it is very interesting to study comedy film-sitcom, since it can give different points of view in studying language. what the author means is that mostly people observe the phenomena of language in serious or ordinary situation but in comedic situation, there is a different set of situation where people sometimes may act uncooperatively or impolitely to achieve the humorous scene. this kind of scene may look awkward and unusual, but it can also happen sometimes in real life, whether the people realize it or not. the author also thinks it would be very interesting to know the way in which humor is generated from the linguistic point of view. and the humorous teaching approach would make a contribution to the students of english learning by improving classroom atmosphere, reducing class tension and increasing the rapport between students and teacher.本研究的意义，首先，有兴趣的幽默和语用学研究这个主题的人，这篇论文可能是作为参考研究对英语幽默的关系以及与语音功能的一种手段，能够帮助他们。再者，研究喜剧电影是非常有趣的，因为在学习语言中它可以有不同的观点，作者的意思，在喜剧的情况下，大部分人观察语言现象严重或普通，有一组不同的情况下，人们有时可能会采取不合礼或不礼貌的对待，以达到幽默的效果。这样的情景可能会显得尴尬和不寻常，但它也可以发生，在现实生活中的人是否意识到这一点，作者也想知道从语言学的角度来看，幽默产生的方式，这将是非常有趣，幽默的教学方式，英语学习的学生，通过改善课堂的气氛，减少课堂的紧张，增加学生和老师之间的关系做出了贡献。an introduction of friends and humor 介绍朋友和幽默a.a brief introduction to friends 简要介绍朋友friend is a world famous american sitcom telling of the stories of six good friends and their respective private lives. the story takes place in manhattan, new york. it presents most aspects of american society, for example, morality, social values, family values, sex values, religion, government, institution, education, occupation, etc. and introduces people of all walks to the audiences, from cooks to professors, from blue collars to white collars. and the most important feature for the sitcom is its humorous dialogues among the characters. the sitcom friends has six protagonists who recur in the sitcom all the way. what follows is a general introduction to them with the purpose to do better analysis on the humor in the sitcom.朋友是世界著名美国情景剧讲述的六个好朋友和他们各自的私生活的故事。这个故事发生在纽约曼哈顿，它提出了美国社会的许多方面，例如，道德观，社会价值观，家庭观念，性价值观，宗教，政府，机构，教育，职业等等和向观众介绍了各界人士，从厨师到教授，从蓝领到白领阶层，最重要的特点是它的幽默情景喜剧人物之间的对话，情景喜剧朋友有六个主要人物重现情景喜剧的方式，以下是一般介绍他们的目的，做更好的分析情景喜剧中的幽默。rachel green, she runs away half an hour before her wedding and goes to monica for shelter after the run away. monica is her best friend in high school and monicas brother has one-sided love for rachel for many years. besides, their families are old family friends .in order to be independent from her family, rachel gets her first job as a waitress at the caf named central perk ,which they visit frequently .later rachel gets the appropriate job for her as an assistant buyer at bloomingdales and ralph lauren for she has an exquisite taste for fashion. rachels sense of humor has a childish flavor and that makes her very lovely.瑞秋格林，她的婚礼前，她跑了一个半小时，莫妮卡住所后离家出走，莫妮卡是她高中最好的朋友，莫妮卡的哥哥单恋瑞秋多年，此外，他们的家庭是世交，为了从她的家庭独立，瑞秋找到了她的第一份工作，在一个名叫central perk的咖啡厅里做服务员，他们经常见面，之后瑞秋得到了一份适合的工作，在布鲁明戴尔做采购助理，拉尔夫劳伦觉得她有精致时尚的感觉，瑞秋的幽默感有一种天真的感觉，这使她显得很可爱。monica geller, rosss younger sister, is a chef in the sitcom, who is often contrasted with his anthropologist brother by her boastful and overcritical parents. she is obese in her childhood and youth hood, which becomes the target of jokes to her friends. she always strives for perfection in everything ranging from house-cleaning, food-cooking to wedding arrangement. so her sense of humor has a bit flavor of crankiness. 莫妮卡盖勒，罗斯的妹妹，在情景剧中是一名厨师，她经常被她的傲慢及苛求的父母和她的人类学家哥哥作对比，在童年和少年的时期她的肥胖成为她朋友的开玩笑的目标，她总是精益求精，从房子的清洁，食物烹饪婚礼的安排。所以，她的幽默感有点偏执的感觉。phoebe buffay is a masseuse and an amateur in music and the lyrics she writes have always been performed in the same melody. usually phoebes behavior is a little bit eccentric and weird. but in my opinion, she is the most strong-willed and optimistic figure in this sitcom. she has a bitter childhood as her parents divorced when she was very young and she has to make a living by herself at the age of 14 in this situation, she doesnt lose her passion for life, her goodness and her sense of humor, which is commendable and estimable.菲比布菲是一个按摩师，在作曲和作词方面是业余的爱好者，她一直在同样的旋律上创作，在我看来，菲比的行为有一些古怪，在情景剧中，她是最坚强和乐观的人物，她有一个苦涩的童年，当她还小的时候她的父母就离异了，在14岁的时候就靠她自己生活，她并没有失去对生活的热爱，她的善良，他的幽默感，这是值得赞扬和难得的。joey tribbiani at first a minor actor and later becomes a famous one for his role in the sitcom days of our lives as dr. drake ramoray. moreover, he is a playboy with many girlfriends and a food lover. his sense of humor goes to the category of innocence and naivet.joey tribbiani最初是一个小演员，后来在生活情景剧中成为有名的博士德雷克，此外，他是一个花花公子，有许多的女朋友，是位美食爱好者，他的幽默感表现在天真和幼稚里。chandler bing is an expert in data analysis for a large multi-national corporation. he has incurable mental hurt because of his parents divorce and so his sense of humor is very sarcastic and ironic.钱德勒兵在大型的合资企业是数据分析专家，因为他父母的离异给他造成了严重的伤害，所以他的幽默感是非常讽刺的。ross geller, monicas elder brother, is an anthropologist who first works at a museum of prehistoric history and then a professor at new york university. at the very beginning of this sitcom he divorces with his lesbian wife and he is loyal to his love for rachel. generally speaking, his sense of humor is pedantic and scholastic.罗斯盖勒，莫妮卡的哥哥，是位人类学家，第一份工作是在纽约大学史前史博物馆教授，这个情景喜剧开始的时候，他与他的同性恋妻子离婚，他是忠于瑞秋的。一般来讲，他的幽默感是迂腐和学术的。as a result, the american sitcom friends embodies ample and miscellaneous humorous utterances which provide authentic material for us on humor research. in the following the author will take a lot of the examples selected for friends to make a research on humor from the angle of pragmatics.b.a brief introduction to humorin oxford advanced learners english-chinese dictionary, the notion of humor is the quality in something that makes it funny or amusing; or the ability to laugh at things that are amusing. humor1 is a central part of all cultures, languages, idiolects, and most registers of speech. and not only is humor a pervasive phenomenon fulfilling vital roles in all kinds of human communication, it also forms a quantitatively relevant part of it. this centrality of humor, both as a means and as an end of human interchange, is widely accepted.humor is almost everywhere. we can find humor in our conversations, in the movies, on televisions, in books, newspapers and magazines, on the radios, etc. there is nowhere that has not been filled with humor and there is no field, whether it is sex, marriage, politics, religion, work, and family-any field you name it-that has not been ridiculed as humorous expressions. few words may have as many positive and pleasant connotations as the word humor does. humor carries with it connotations like light-hearted, amusing, optimistic, enjoyable, relieving, intelligent, witty and funny, to list only a few. correspondingly, a sense of humor is a highly desirable trait to possess for human beings.a preparatory step has to be made for further discussion that is what the definition of humor is. to some extent, it is impossible to give a cogent definition that is valid everywhere since humor research draws upon a wide range of academic disciplines. it is the activity of the brains, the emotion inside us, the smile appearing on the face, etc. as a result, we might as well discuss the humor definition from different perspectives.walter nash considers that “the humor of psychological and social satire is expressed to a very great extent through the flaws and missed connections of speech acts, the contractual failures of parties to conversation”. he points out humorous conversations occur because “those exchanges violate the maxims of ordinary conversation, as formulated in a well-known paper by h. p. grice”. and then he explains his idea: “the work of grice, of austin, and of j. r. searle, puts into theoretical terms what we already know intuitively about conversation, i.e. that it is a contract involving the agreed conduct of various acts of assertion, direction, performance, verdict-giving, promising, inviting, requesting, etc. when the contract is broken, whether innocently or designedly, the effect may be funny; may illuminate a character or situation; or may designate some critical defect in a relationship”.chinese professor mao ronggui studies humor from linguistic view. he divides humorous language into two types: rhetorical humor and non-rhetorical humor. according to the study of professor mao , the rhetorical humor is produced through using various tropes, including oxymoron, transferred epithet, syllepsis, zeugma, anticlimax, pun, irony, parody, paradox, and the non-rhetorical humor is created by lexical deviation and deviation of register. besides, many scholars in china have done researches on humor based on pragmatic theories, such as h. p. grices cooperative principle (cp), leechs politeness principle (pp), sperber & wilsons relevance theory (rt), diesis, and presupposition, etc. in accordance with their researches, humorous conversations are always produced by flouting the cp or rt, violating the pp, or using obscure diesis or improper presupposition. however, the studies in this field have not reached the stage of maturity, and they are rather insufficient or lack of authority in china, let alone the pragmatic studies on the humorous convers