本科毕业论文-基于STC89C51单片机的数字温度计设计.docVIP

基于STC89C51单片机的数字温度计设计目 录前言11 设计要求与方案论证21.1 设计要求21.2 系统基本方案选择和论证21.2.1 单片机芯片的选择方案和论证21.2.2 温度传感器设计方案论证31.3 电路设计最终方案决定42 主要元件介绍42.1 AT89C51介绍42.1.1 AT89C51主要功能及PDIP封装42.1.2 AT89C51引脚介绍42.1.3 单片机最小系统：62.2 DS18B20传感器介绍62.2.1 DS18B20概述62.2.2 DS18B20引脚介绍72.2.3 DS18B20的内部结构82.2.4 DS18B20的程序流程图82.3 数码管介绍92.3.1 数码管概述10结论11参考文献12致 谢13附录1 系统原理图14附录2 元件清单.14附录3 C语言程序15摘 要 在日常生活及工农业生产中经常要检测温度，传统的方式是采用热电偶或热电阻。其硬件电路和软件调试比较复杂，制作成本较高。近年来随着科技的飞速发展，单片机的应用正不断走向深入。所以我们选用单片机作为核心部件进行逻辑控制及信号的产生，用单片机本生的优势节约成本，使电路更简单。温度的检测与控制是工业生产过程中比较典型的应用之一，随着传感器在生产和生活中的更加广泛的应用，利用新型单总线式数字温度传感器实现对温度的测试与控制得到更快的开发。在这里介绍了一种基于AT89C51单片机的温度测量及控制系统的硬件结构以及C语言程序设计，该系统设计和布线简单，结构紧凑，体积小，重量轻，抗干扰能力强，性价比高，扩展方便，在大型仓库，工厂，智能化建筑等领域的多点温度检测中有广阔的应用前景。 关键词 DS18B20 AT89C51 温度测量 前 言随着人们生活水平的不断提高,单片机控制无疑是人们追求的目标之一，它所给人带来的方便也 是不可否定的，其中数字温度计就是一个典型的例子，但人们对它的要求越来越高，要为现代人工作、科研、生活、提供更好的更方便的设施就需要从数单片机技术入手，一切向着数字化控制，智能化控制方向发展。 本设计所介绍的数字温度计与传统的温度计相比，具有读数方便，测温范围广，测温准确，其输出温度采用数字显示，主要用于对测温比较准确的场所，或科研实验室使用，该设计控制器使用单片机 STC89C51，测温传感器使用 DS18B20，用四位一体共阳极 LED 数码管以串口传送数据,实现温度 显示,能准确达到要求。选题、设计的功能、总体设计思路、仿真图：葛利跃，阿拉帕提，迪丽米娜，祖丽凯麦尔查找资料、购买原件： 迪丽米娜，祖丽凯麦尔编写源程序： 葛利跃焊接电路：葛利跃，阿拉帕提程序烧录及调试：葛利跃，阿拉帕提，迪丽米娜，祖丽凯麦尔1 设计要求与方案论证首先明确设计要求，再讨论方案，一一攻破设计的难点。1.1 设计要求基本范围0-99 ；精度误差小于 0.1 ；数码管直读显示；1.2 系统基本方案选择和论证 1.2.1 单片机芯片的选择方案和论证由于单片机具有以下的很多优点，被我们选定为制作该作品的首选芯片单片机特点：（1）高集成度，体积小，高可靠性 单片机将各功能部件集成在一块晶体芯片上，集成度很高，体积自然也是最小的。芯片本身是按工业测控环境要求设计的，内部布线很短，其抗工业噪音性能优于一般通用的CPU。单片机程序指令，常数及表格等固化在ROM中不易破坏，许多信号通道均在一个芯片内，故可靠性高。 （2）控制功能强 为了满足对对象的控制要求，单片机的指令系统均有极丰富的条件:分支转移能力，I/O口的逻辑操作及位处理能力，非常适用于专门的控制功能。 （3）低电压，低功耗，便于生产便携式产品 为了满足广泛使用于便携式系统，许多单片机内的工作电压仅为1.8V3.6V，而工作电流仅为数百微安。 （4）易扩展 片内具有计算机正常运行所必需的部件。芯片外部有许多供扩展用的三总线及并行、串行输入/输出管脚，很容易构成各种规模的计算机应用系统。 （5）优异的性能价格比 单片机的性能极高。为了提高速度和运行效率，单片机已开始使用RISC流水线和DSP等技术。单片机的寻址能力也已突破64KB的限制，有的已可达到1MB和16MB，片内的ROM容量可达62MB，RAM容量则可达2MB。由于单片机的广泛使用，因而销量极大，各大公司的商业竞争更使其价格十分低廉，其性能价格比极高。 方案一:采用AT89C51芯片作为硬件核心。AT89C51内部具有8KB ROM 存储空间,512字节数据存储空间，带有2K字节的EEPROM存储空间，与MCS-51系列单片机完全兼容,AT89C51可以通过串口下载。方案二:采用AT89S51。AT89S51片内具有8K字节程序存储空间，256字节的数据存储空间没有EEPROM存储空间，也与MCS-51系列单片机完全兼容，具有在线编程可擦除技术。两种单片机都完全能够满足设计需要，AT89C51相对ATS89C52价格便宜，且抗干扰能力强。考虑到成本因素，因此选用AT89C51。1.2.2 温度传感器设计方案论证利用物质各种物理性质随温度变化的规律把温度转换为电量的传感器。这些呈现规律性变化的物理性质主要有体。温度传感器是温度测量仪表的核心部分，品种繁多。按测量方式可分为接触式和非接触式两大类，按照传感器材料及电子元件特性分为热电阻和热电偶两类。现代信息技术的三大基础是信息采集(即传感器技术)、信息传输(通信技术)和信息处理(计算机技术)。温度传感器的发展大致经历了以下三个阶段；(1)传统的分立式温度传感器(含敏感元件)；(2)模拟集成温度传感器/控制器；(3)智能温度传感器。国际上新型温度传感器正从模拟式向数字式、由集成化向智能化、网络化的方向发展。在20世纪90年代中期最早推出的智能温度传感器，采用的是8位A/D转换器，其测温精度较低，分辨力只能达到1C。国外已相继推出多种高精度、高分辨力的智能温度传感器，所用的是912位A/D转换器，分辨力一般可达0.50.0625C。由美国DALLAS半导体公司新研制的DS1624型高分辨力智能温度传感器，能输出13位二进制数据，其分辨力高达0.03125C，测温精度为0.2C。为了提高多通道智能温度传感器的转换速率，也有的芯片采用高速逐次逼近式A/D转换器。目前，智能温度传感器的总线技术也实现了标准化、规范化，所采用的总线主要有单线(1-Wire)总线、I2C总线、SMBus总线和spI总线。温度传感器作为从机可通过专用总线接口与主机进行通信。方案一: 由于本设计是测温电路，可以使用热敏电阻之类的器件利用其感温效应，在将随被测温度变化 的电压或电流采集过来，进行 A/D 转换后，就可以用单片机进行数据的处理，在显示电路上，就可以将被测温度显示出来，这种设计需要用到 A/D 转换电路，感温电路比较麻烦。方案二:进而考虑到用温度传感器，在单片机电路设计中，大多都是使用传感器，所以这是非常容易想到的，所以可以采用一只温度传感器 DS18B20，此传感器，可以很容易直接读取被测温度值，进行转换，就可以满足设计要求。从以上两种方案，两种都完全能够满足设计需要，很容易看出，采用方案二，电路比较简单，软件设计也比较简单，故采用了方案二。 1.3 电路设计最终方案决定综上各方案所述,对此次作品的方案选定: 采用STC89C51单片机作为主控制系统;采用DS18B20为传感器;采用数码管作为显示器件。2 主要元件介绍2.1 AT89C51介绍AT89C51是由深圳宏晶科技公司生产的与工业标准MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容的单片机。2.1.1 AT89C51主要功能及PDIP封装AT89C51主要功能如表1所示，其PDIP封装如图1所示主要功能特性兼容MCS51指令系统8K可反复擦写Flash ROM32个双向I/O口256x8bit内部RAM3个16位可编程定时/计数器中断时钟频率0-24MHz2个串行中断可编程UART串行通道2个外部中断源共6个中断源2个读写中断口线3级加密位低功耗空闲和掉电模式软件设置睡眠和唤醒功能表1：STC89C51主要功能2.1.2 AT89C51引脚介绍 主电源引脚（2根）VCC(Pin40)：电源输入，接5V电源GND(Pin20)：接地线外接晶振引脚（2根）XTAL1(Pin19)：片内振荡电路的输入端XTAL2(Pin20)：片内振荡电路的输出端控制引脚（4根）RST/VPP(Pin9)：复位引脚，引脚上出现2个机器周期的高电平将使单片机复位。ALE/PROG(Pin30)：地址锁存允许信号PSEN(Pin29)：外部存储器读选通信号EA/VPP(Pin31)：程序存储器的内外部选通，接低电平从外部程序存储器读指令，如果接高电平则从内部程序存储器读指令。可编程输入/输出引脚（32根）AT89C51单片机有4组8位的可编程I/O口，分别位P0、P1、P2、P3口，每个口有8位（8根引脚），共32根。P0口（Pin39Pin32）：8位双向I/O口线，名称为P0.0P0.7P1口（Pin1Pin8）：8位准双向I/O口线，名称为P1.0P1.7 P2口（Pin21Pin28）：8位准双向I/O口线，名称为P2.0P2.7 P3口（Pin10Pin17）：8位准双向I/O口线，名称为P3.0P3.7图1：STC89C51封装图2.1.3 单片机最小系统：当在AT89C51单片机的RST引脚引入高电平并保持2个机器周期时，单片机内部就执行复位操作，按键手动复位有电平方式和脉冲方式两种。其中电平复位是通过RST端经过电阻与电源VCC接通而实现的。最小系统如图2所示。图2 单片机最小系统电路电路以STC89C51单片机最小系统为控制核心，测温电路由DS18B20提供，输入部分采用三个独立式按键S1、S2、S3。数码管显示部分。具体电路连接，详见附录1。2.2 DS18B20传感器介绍2.2.1 DS18B20概述在现代检测技术中，传感器占据着不可动摇的重要位置。主机对数据的处理能力已经相当的强，但是对现实世界中的模拟量却无能为力。如果没有各种精确可靠的传感器对非电量和模拟信号进行检测并提供可靠的数据，那计算机也无法发挥他应有的作用。传感器把非电量转换为电量，经过放大处理后，转换为数字量输入计算机，由计算机对信号进行分析处理。从而传感器技术与计算机技术结合起来，对自动化和信息化起重要作用。采用各种传感器和微处理技术可以对各种工业参数及工业产品进行测控及检验，准确测量产品性能，及时发现隐患。为提高产品质量、改进产品性能，防止事故发生提供必要的信息和更可靠的数据。由于系统的工作环境比较恶劣，且对测量要求比较高，所以选择合适的传感器很重要。目前，国际上新型温度传感器正从模拟式向数字式、从集成化向智能化和网络化的方向飞速发展。智能温度传感器DS18B20正是朝着高精度、多功能、总线标准化、高可靠性及安全性、开发虚拟传感器和网络传感器、研制单片测温系统等高科技的方向迅速发展。因此，智能温度传感器DS18B20作为温度测量装置已广泛应用于人民的日常生活和工农业生产中。美国DALLAS公司生产的 DS18B20可组网数字温度传感器芯片外加不锈钢保护管封装而成，具有耐磨耐碰，体积小，使用方便，封装形式多样，适用于各种狭小空间设备数字测温和控制领域。有独特的单线接口方式，DS1820在与微处理器连接时仅需要一条口线即可实现微处理器与DS1820的双向通讯；其测温范围 55125，固有测温分辨率0.5；支持多点组网功能；多个DS1820可以并联在唯一的三线上，实现多点测温；工作电源为35V/DC；在使用中不需要任何外围元件。DS18B20的性能特点如下：（1） 采用DALLAS公司独特的单线接口方式：DS18B20与微处理器连接时仅需要一条口线即可实现微处理器与DS18B20的双向通讯； （2）在使用中不需要任何外围元件；（3）可用数据线供电，供电电压范围：+3.0V+5.5V；（4）测温范围：-55+125。固有测温分辨率为0.5。当在-10+85范围内，可确保测量误差不超过0.5，在-55+125范围内，测量误差也不超过2；（5）通过编程可实现912位的数字读数方式；（6）用户可自设定非易失性的报警上下限值；（7）支持多点的组网功能，多个DS18B20可以并联在唯一的三线上，实现多点测温（8）负压特性，即具有电源反接保护电路。当电源电压的极性反接时，能保护DS18B20不会因发热而烧毁，但此时芯片无法正常工作；（9）DS18B20的转换速率比较高，进行9位的温度值转换只需93.75ms；（10）适配各种单片机或系统；（11）内含64位激光修正的只读存储ROM，扣除8位产品系列号和8位循环冗余校验码(CRC)之后，产品序号占48位。出厂前产品序号存入其ROM中。在构成大型温控系统时，允许在单线总线上挂接多片DS18B20。2.2.2 DS18B20引脚介绍图3：DS18B20引脚各引脚功能为：I/O为数据输入/输出端（即单线总线），它属于漏极开路输出，外接上拉电阻后，常态下呈高电平。UDD是可供选用的外部电源端，不用时接地，GND为地，NC空脚。2.2.3 DS18B20的内部结构DS18B20的内部结构主要包括7部分:寄生电源、温度传感器、64位激光（loser）ROM与单线接口、高速暂存器（即便筏式RAM，用于存放中间数据）、TH触发寄存器和TL触发寄存器，分别用来存储用户设定的温度上下限值、存储和控制逻辑、位循环冗余校验码（CRC）发生器。图4：DS18B20内部结构2.2.4 DS18B20的程序流程图图5程序流程图2.3 数码管介绍数码管是一种半导体发光器件，其基本单元是发光二极管。数码管按段数分为七段数码管和八段数码管，八段数码管比七段数码管多一个发光二极管单元（多一个小数点显示）；按能显示多少个“8”可分为1位、2位、4位等等数码管； 按发光二极管单元连接方式分为共阳极数码管和共阴极数码管。共阳数码管是指将所有发光二极管的阳极接到一起形成公共阳极(COM)的数码管，共阳数码管在应用时应将公共极COM接到+5V，当某一字段发光二极管的阴极为低电平时，相应字段就点亮，当某一字段的阴极为高电平时，相应字段就不亮。共阴数码管是指将所有发光二极管的阴极接到一起形成公共阴极(COM)的数码管，共阴数码管在应用时应将公共极COM接到地线GND上，当某一字段发光二极管的阳极为高电平时，相应字段就点亮，当某一字段的阳极为低电平时，相应字段就不亮。2.3.1 数码管概述图5：数码管数码显示器是一种由LED发光二极管组合显示字符的显示器件，它使用了8个Led发光二极管，其中七个用于显示字符，一个显示小数点，所以通称为七段发光二极管数码显示器。4位一体数码管，其内部段已连接好，引脚如图所示（数码管的正面朝自己，小数点在下方）。a、b、c、d、e、f、g、dp为段引脚，S1、S2、S3、S4分别表示四个数码管的位。三、焊接电路1、电源的2、3脚接地，1脚实际是VCC（电源），但是电路中要接蓝色的自锁开关，然后开关的另一个脚再接电源。2、贴片电阻的焊接方法1）先将贴片电阻放在 固定好的原件座 两个引脚中间；2）焊接贴片电阻两个脚。3、焊接单片机座4、焊接数码管6、焊接DS18B20传感器7、焊接各个电容器8、完成万能板的焊接附录1 系统原理图附录2元件清单：万用板7*9 3pin圆孔母座2.2K电阻*4 AT89C51单片机40脚IC座 DS18B20温度传感器10K电阻*2 10uF电容小按键 12MHz晶振30pF瓷片电容*2 9012三极管*4四位一体共阳数码管0.56 DC电源插座USB电源线 自锁开关导线 焊锡附录3 C语言程序#include #define uint unsigned int#define uchar unsigned char /宏定义#define SET P3_1 /定义调整键#define DEC P3_2 /定义减少键#define ADD P3_3 /定义增加键#define BEEP P3_6 /定义蜂鸣器#define ALAM P1_2/定义灯光报警#define DQ P3_7 /定义DS18B20总线I/Obit shanshuo_st; /闪烁间隔标志bit beep_st; /蜂鸣器间隔标志sbit DIAN = P05; /小数点uchar x=0; /计数器signed char m; /温度值全局变量uchar n; /温度值全局变量uchar set_st=0; /状态标志signed char shangxian=38; /上限报警温度，默认值为38您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emersons essay titled Self-Reliance. If youve not yet read it, I strongly encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding ones own path. He urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being dictated to by society, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. He avers that such a life is the only life worth living. I agree with