2019年最新电大安全技术必考重点.docVIP

机械安全1. 非机械：铁道建筑纺织轻工船舶2. 机械设备危险部位：旋转、咬合处，接近类型，通过类型，单向滑动部件3. 皮带防护罩与皮带距离不小于50MM，离地2M以上设防护罩；皮带中心距3米，宽15CM，速度9M也要设4. 本质安全：消除原因，减少次数，难以接近，保护装置或个人防护5. 防护罩1500N6. 本质安全：采用本质安全技术，限制机械应力，材料和物质的安全性，改选安全人机工程学原则，设计控制系统的安全原则，防止气动和液压系统的危险，预防电气危害7. 机器安全防护装置：固定，控制，联锁，自动，隔离，可调，自动调节，跳闸，双手控制8. 机械制造场安全技术：采光，通道，设备布局，物料堆放，地面状态9. 通道双向5M，单向3M，人行道宽1，三轮及推车1.5，电瓶1.810. 设备布局：天于12M，6-12M、6M分别为2、1、0.7。与墙距离0.9、0.8、0.711. 物料堆放：白班1.5倍，晚班2.5倍，垛底与垛高1：2前提下，垛高2米12. 机床危险因素：静止部位，旋转部位，内旋转咬合，往复运动或滑动，飞出物13. 砂轮机前1.8M，不准侧边，正面，共同操作14. 冲压剪危险因素：结构，动作失控，开关失灵，模具危险15. 冲压设备安全装置：机械式（推手，摆杆护手，拉手），按钮式，光电式，感应式16. 木工危险因素：机械伤害，火爆，生物化学，粉尘，噪声振动17. 铸造：火爆，灼烫，机伤，高处坠落，尘毒，噪声，高温热辐射。18. 锻造：机伤，火爆，灼烫，噪声振动，尘毒，热辐射19. 人体测量准则：最大最小，可调性，平均，最新人体数据，地域性，功能修正与最小心理空间20. 眩光：破坏暗适应，产生后像，降低视网膜上照度，减弱被观察物体与背景对比度，模糊21. 眼睛：水平比垂直快，视线运动顺序：左右、上下，顺时。尺寸估计：水平准。左上，右上，左下，右下22. 听觉绝对阀限包括：频率阀限，声压阀限，声强阀限23. 人对刺激反应0.1-0.5S24. 人体特征参数：静态，动态，生理学，生物力学25. 耗氧量3L26. 能力：感觉，知觉，观察力，注意力，记忆力，思维想像力，操作能力27. 机械安全特性：系统，防护，友善，整体性28. 故障诊断：信号检测，特征提取，状态识别，诊断决策29. 人在人机系统中功能：传感，信息处理，操纵30. 异常情况可靠度=（1-（1-R1）*（1-R2）*RM31. 人机系统可靠性设计原则：系统整体可靠性，高可靠性组成单元要素，安全系数，高可靠性，标准化，高维修度，事先试验和进行评价，预测预防，人机工程学，技术经济性，审查，整理准备资料和交流信息，信息反馈，设立相应的组织机构电气：1. 感知电流：1MA左右2. 摆脱电流：5-10MA3. 室颤电流：50MA4. 电伤：电烧伤，电烙印，皮肤金属化，机械损伤，电光性眼炎5. 危险温度：短路，过载，漏电，接触不良，铁心过热，散热不良，机械故障，电压异常，电热器具和照明器具，电磁辐射6. 雷电特点：电流幅值大，雷电流陡度大，冲击性强，冲击过电压高。电性质，热性质，机械性质7. 雷电参数：雷暴日，雷电流幅值，雷电流陡度，冲击过电压8. 静电起电方式：接触分离，破断，感应起电，电荷迁移9. 辐射电磁波指频率100 kHz以上的电磁波10. IT，I配电网不接地或经高阻抗接地，T外壳接地；适用各种不接地配电网。TT，T配电网接地，必须装剩余电流动作保护装置或过电流保护装置，优先采用前者，用于低压用户。TN，N不带电的金属部分与配电网中性点直接连接。11. TN-S中PE线与N线完全分开，最好最干净（爆炸火灾安全高）；TN-C-S前段共用，后段分开（低压及民用楼房）；TN-C完全共用（危险小，设备简单）12. 电气设备防触电保护分类：0类基本绝缘2欧；01类1类（附加安全措施5欧）；II类（双重加强7欧）；III类（低压）13. 剩余电流保护：检测元件，中间环节，执行机构，辅助电源，试验装置14. 爆炸危险物质I类（甲烷），II类（气体、蒸气），III类（粉尘），II类按最大试验安全间隙和最小引燃电源比划分15. 爆炸气体危险场分区0区（正常运行出现），I区（正常运行可能出现）2区（正常运行不出现）16. 爆炸性粉尘环境根据频率、持续时间、厚度分类20、21、2217. 火灾危险环境21、22、2318. 防爆电报设备类型：I类煤矿瓦斯，II类甲烷以外气体，III类爆炸性粉尘19. 隔爆D增安E本质安全I浇封M油浸O正压P20. 第一类防雷建筑物：火炸药因电火花引起爆炸，0区、20区；1区、21区因电火花而引起。21. 第二类：国家级，1区、21区电火花不易引起爆炸；2区、22区22. 滚球半径30、45、60米23. 防雷引下线距门口或人行道边3米24. 内部防雷装置：屏蔽导体，等电位连接件，电涌保护器25. 静电防护：环境危险程度控制：取代易燃介质，降低浓度，减少氧化剂。工艺控制：材料选用，限制物料运动速度，加大静电消散过程26. 工艺控制，环境危险程度控制，接地，增湿，抗静电添加剂，静电中各器，工作服。27. 变压器：上风侧，长超7米高压或长超10米低压要2个门28. 通道：高压长超6米，设2个出口；低压两个出口距离超15米，增加出口29. 居住建筑内油浸式变压器，单台容量不超400KV.A30. 自然通风时，变压器室地面高室外地面1.1米。室外变压器不超315KV.A可柱上安装，超315以上者应在台上安装。柱上安装距地2.5米，裸导线距地3.5米；变压器台不低0.5米，围栏高1.7米，壳体距围栏不小于1米，操作面距围栏2米31. 高压断路器：接通分断负荷电流，切断过载和短路电流；高压隔离开关：隔断电源；负荷开关：接通断开负荷电流，切断短路电流特种设备：1. 锅炉30L，0.1；压力容器：2.5，公称工作压力0.2且乘积1.0，60度；压力管道：0.1，25MM。2. 锅炉工作特性：爆炸危害性，易于损坏，使用广泛，连续运行3. 压力容器作用分类：反应，换热，分离，储存4. 起重机：桥架：乔桥式，门式，绳索；臂架：流动，塔式，门座式5. 锅炉事故发生原因：超压、超温，水质管理，水循环，违章6. 典型锅炉爆炸事故：水蒸气爆炸，超压，缺陷导致，严重缺水导致。7. 缺水事故（发白），满水，汽水共腾，锅炉爆管，省煤器损坏，过热器损坏，水击事故，炉膛爆炸，尾部二燃，锅炉结渣，8. 起重机械事故发生原因：重物坠落，起重机失稳倾翻，金属结构破坏，挤压，高处跌落，触电。9. 典型起重事故：重物失落，挤伤，坠落，触电，机体损坏10. 机体毁坏：断臂，倾翻，机体摔伤，相互撞毁11. 十不吊：重、信、斜、人、昏，埋，牢，棱，缺掐，钢水过满12. 锅炉安全附件：安全阀，压力表，水位计，温度测量装置，保护装置，排污阀，防爆门，自动控制装置13. 保护装置：超温报警和联锁保护装置，高低水位警报和低水位联锁保护装置，超压报警装置，锅炉熄火保护装置14. 压力容器安全附件：安全阀，爆破片，安全阀与爆破片组合，爆破帽，易熔塞，紧急切断阀，减压阀，压力表，液位计，温度计15. 爆破片的爆破压力不得超过容器的设计压力，安全阀开启压力略低于爆破片的标定爆破压力16. 锅炉启动步骤：检查准备，上水，烘炉，煮炉，点火升压，暖管与并汽。17. 上水温度最高不超90，水温与筒温差不超50度，冷炉上水至最低安全水位时停止。夏1H，冬2H18. 保养：压力，充气，湿法，干法保养19. 压力容器：对运行中容器检查：工艺条件，设备状况，安全装置20. 锅炉定期检验：外部1年，内部2年，水压6年21. 外部检验：开始投运，停止1年，燃烧方式和自控系统有改动。内部检验：新安运行1年，移装，停止1年，大修1年，怀疑。水压试验：移装，大修，22. 压力容器投用满3年首次全面检验，下列情况适当纷乱：0.25MM，缺陷，20年，停止2年，腐蚀恶化，怀疑。23. 新压力容器：1级齐全合格，2级不危及安全且难以纠正缺陷，3级不符合法规的缺陷24. 锅炉压力容器检验技术：宏观检查，无损检测，测厚，化学分析，金相，硬度，断口，耐压，气密，爆破，力学性能，应力应变，应力分析，合于使用评价，基二风险检验25. 无损检测：射线（体积，时间距离屏蔽）、超声波（面积、厚度大，各种试件，成本低，快，仪器小，现场用，厚度方向准确，材质有影响），磁粉（铁磁，检表面，灵敏度高，极细小裂纹，成本低快）、渗透，涡流（不接触，自动化检测），声发射（连续）、磁记忆26. 起重机安全装置：位置限制与调整装置（上升极限位置限制器，运行极限位置，偏斜调整和显示装置，缓冲器。）防风防爬，安全钩防后倾和回转锁定，起重量，力矩，防坠，导电滑线，防碰，登机信号按钮，危险电压报警器27. 性能检测：额定载荷，静载荷，动载荷，首检和首次定检必须进行28. 场内涉及安全主要部件：高压胶管，货叉，链条，转向器，抽动器，安全阀，护顶架29. 检测：整车检查，动力系检验，传动系，行驶系，转向系，抽动系，工作装置检验，灯光电气检验防火防爆：1. 自燃：没有外来火源面燃。闪点：加热到释放出气体瞬间着火并出现火焰的最低温度。燃点：产生自燃的最低温度。自燃点：不用引燃能源而达到引燃的最低温度，。2. 粉尘爆炸特征参数：爆炸极限，最小点火能量，最低着火温度，粉尘爆炸压力及压力上升速率3. 消防设施：火灾自动报警系统，自动灭火系统，消炎栓，可提式灭火器，灭火器防烟排烟系统，应急广播和照明，安全散。职业危害：1. 非电离防护措施：场源，距离，合理布局，个人防护2. 电离防护：辐射剂量控制，防护措施3. 生产性粉尘理化性质：化学成分，分散度，溶解度与密度，形状与硬度，荷电性，爆炸性4. 生产性粉尘治理措施：改革工艺过程，湿式作业，密闭抽风除尘（密闭设备，通风管，吸尘罩，除尘器），个体防护5. 生产性毒物：气体，蒸气，雾烟粉尘（气容胶）6. 治理措施：密闭化，自动化是根本途径，采用无毒低毒素物质代替是道先办法7. 密闭通风系统：密闭罩，通风管，净化装置，通风机构8. 洗涤法：吸收法，通过液体吸收剂处理。（煤气、有机蒸气，电力行业烟气脱硫净化）9. 吸附法：有害气体与多孔性固体接触（低浓度，笨类，醇类，酯类，酮类有机蒸气）10. 袋滤法：通过过滤介质受阻，高效净化方法，（工业气体，）11. 静电法：（清灰，粉尘）12. 燃烧法：（净化沥青烟，炼油尾气，净化机电轻工行业产生的笨，醇，酯，醚，醛，酮，烷，酚）13. 噪声：神经系统，心血管，内分泌，生殖，消化14. 非电离辐射：射频，红外线，紫外线，激光（热效应，光化学效应）15. 高频电磁场防护措施：场源屏，距离，合理布局；微波辐射：减少源，屏蔽，个人防护，执行安全规则；红外线辐射：保护眼睛，减少红外线暴露和降低炼钢工人热负荷，防护镜。紫外线：屏蔽，距离，个人防护。激光：激光器，工作室，个体防护。运输：请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famo