本科毕业论文-论华莱士的进货和存货管理.doc

华莱士的进货和存货管理研究 目 录摘 要1一、华莱士的门店定货作业管理2二、华莱士门店的进收货作业管理4三、华莱士门店的存货管理5四、华莱士门店盘点作业管理6五、总结6参 考 文 献7致 谢8摘 要进货和存货管理是每个企业，特别是连锁餐饮业经营必不可少的重要环节，但进货渠道有好有坏，渠道途径有长有短。选择了理想的进货渠道就能很好的配合企业产品的销售，但倘若选择了不理想的进货渠道不仅消耗了大量的人力，物力，财力，造成物流，资金流，信息流的浪费，还会对后期的产品销售造成影响，进而影响产品及品牌形象在消费者心目中的地位。所以进货渠道具有牵一发而动全身的作用，由此可见保证一个良好的进货存货管理的重要性。本文就华莱士的进货渠道进行研究，收集出华莱士的进货渠道的优缺点，并着重对其问题进行探讨，在形形色色的，各式各样的货源供应商中如何进行选择的方法进行研究。本文就华莱士的进货和存货管理问题进行一些研究，探讨。关键词：进货、供应商、策略、存货管理 论华莱士的进货和存货管理随着现代企业竞争的不断加剧，供货订货存货管理渠道的选择成为一个至关重要的环节，华莱士连锁餐饮店的进货与库存管理有利于企业进一步地降低运营成本。华莱士的进货是指各连锁经营分店向总部订货或自行向由总部统一规定的供应商要货的活动。华莱士各连锁分店的存货包括台架上产品食品的存货，冻库中半成品的存货和仓库中干货的存货。华莱士连锁经营的特点之一是统一配送或统分结合带来的规模优势，这就要求门店在进货作业时也要遵循统一配送，统分结合的原则。通常华莱士的门店进货作业管理主要包括，订货，进货，收货，退换货和调拨等作业管理。华莱士的门店存货管理主要包括仓库管理和盘点作业和坏品处理作业。仓库管理是对门店存储空间的管理。盘点指对库存商品的清点和核查。我所实习的那家华莱士是一家相对来说规模较小的门店，但麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。门店内存货的设备一应俱全，我们还要在每周定时对门店内的存货进行盘点，包括干货和冻货，成品及半成品。一、华莱士的门店定货作业管理（一）华莱士连锁各门店订货作业 华莱士门店的订货作业是指门店依据订货计划向华莱士总部配送中心或总部指定的厂商及自行采购单位进行点叫货物的活动。一般来说，华莱士的连锁总部会对各个门店统一规定每天的订货时间，以保证订货作业的计划性。大多数情况下，各个分支的连锁门店会根据自身门店的货物储备情况来进行电话定货。因为华莱士连锁门店尚未形成建立一套先进的联网订货系统，像EOS订货系统，所以华莱士连锁门店目前普遍采用电话订货的方式来进行订货，通常各门店的订货时间不同，但华莱士连锁总部会根据各门店的位置的关系进行统一配送，相近的门店之间会由同一辆车进行配送，这样节约了货物运输的成本和时间也可以使各个相邻门店在货物存货比例不平衡时进行业务往来，最大限度地实现资源的可利用性。（二）华莱士连锁各门店订货要求 简单地说，华莱士连锁各门店订货的目的是在尽可能节约费用的前提下，保证商品的充足销售要求。根据不同商品的特点，适时适量地补充货源，而并非定货量越大越好。订货量超过实际的销售会导致商品周转速度下降，占有库存资金，增加日常的作业负担，增大运输和保管费用；反之，如果订货量不足，导致商品脱销，丧失销售机会，会给顾客造成缺货、品种不丰富的印象，减少客流量。华莱士的各门店订货信息汇总总部或传达厂商后，由总部来配送商品或由厂商直接配送。在华莱士的连锁体系运转中，商品采购，储存和运输都由配送中心承担，分店只需根据销售情况向总部或配送中心提出送货要求，分店仅承担订货职能。尽管如此，订货仍然是门店管理中至关重要的一环。分店是企业销售终端，在此之前的工作都是为了销售业绩，能否保证商品销售畅通，在很大程度上取决分店的订货是否适当。因此，华莱士各门店的订货量应当最大限度地接近销售的实际需要。在合理地确定进货量的基础上，还要注意进货的批量批次问题，即在一定时间内，进货总量一定的前提下，如何确定进货的次数和每次进货的数量。（三）华莱士总部对于合理订货的条件第一，应该准确把握门店的冻货，干货，油脂的库存量。合理的订货来源于对现有库存量的准确把握，要想订货有较高的科学性，必须随时了解商品的实际状态，做到心中有数，这是合理订货的基本前提。第二，对商品具体细致的管理。日常商品销售和营业过程中对产品的陈列位置、陈列方式、陈列量、标价、进货时间、保质期、温湿度控制等方面进行准确地把握，才能较适当地得出需要更换、补充和处理的结论，才能真正把握库存状态，为确定订货量提供依据。第三，对门店商品销售动态进行把握分析。日常商品销售动态无疑是合理确定订货量的主要依据，哪些产品处于畅销期？每日的销售量达多少？哪些商品销售下降？下降幅度如何？等销售动态的变化可根据日常销售动态、POS资料分析、顾客意见等多种途径得以反映。第四，把握季节变化、节假日促销活动对商品销售的影响。季节变化、节假日促销活动会带来某种类食品的销售动态变化，可根据历史数据在季节变化、节庆来临之际，可适当增加某一种食品的订货量，更好地适应销售的需要。（四）华莱士连锁各门店在订货作业管理中注意的事项。第一，店长要对门店的存货随时进行检查，发现存货低于安全库存量、或遇门店进行促销活动或节假日之前，都应考虑订货。此外，在检查存货期间还应注意检查现有存货的有效期限和食品品质。第二，门店要适时订货。门店订货必须注重时效性，华莱士各营运门店在一般情况下大概三天定一次货，订货的种类和数量由当时的存货情况，所处的季节和月份。根据这几天顾客进店数来估计未来的顾客数量来进行订货。因为在每天销售时不可能随时订货，而且供应商也不可能随时接受订单，随时发货。因此，门店应在总部规定的订货时间范围内进行订货，不能因为操作失误而出现缺货，失去销售业绩。第三，华莱士各门店适量订货。订货量的决定非常复杂，必须考虑的因素主要包括：商品每日的销售量，商品的最低库存量，订货送达门店的前置时间及商品的规定订货单位等。因此，在实际操作过程中必须依靠个人经验和不同门店的实际情况来进行订货。二、华莱士门店的进收货作业管理（一）华莱士连锁各门店进货作业门店的进货是指订货后对厂商或配送中心配送来的半成品进行接收或验收，从而使食品进入卖场或内仓。进货作业应注意的问题：华莱士各门店进货严格遵守连锁企业总部规定的时间。第二，华莱士门店会先办理退货再办理进货，以免退换商品占用门店的仓位；第三，华莱士各门店对验收单，发票保管齐全。第四，华莱士各门店对商品整理分类清楚，在指定区域内进行验收；第五，华莱士各门店验收后有些商品可根据需要直接进入卖场，有些商品则存入仓库或进行再加工后进入卖场。（二）华莱士连锁各门店收货作业华莱士收货作业可按进货的来源分为厂商配送验收、总部配送验收和自行进货验收。由于华莱士总部配送在出库时已经查点清楚，所以华莱士总部配送的食品送到门店后，不须当场验收清点，仅由门店验收员立即该店章及签收，若事后华莱士各连锁店内自行点收发现误差，可通知华莱士总部清查和调补。厂商配送和自行采购的要当场查点清楚，出具相关凭证，总部指定厂商直接配送的，由总部统一结算，自行进货则由门店自行结算。（三）探究华莱士总部对于商品验收的要求商品验收是加强商品管理的重要环节。商品验收可以防止财产损失，减少和消灭差错事故的发生。华莱士门店运营的实践表明，门店商品验收不严而带来的财产损失，低质的产品进入消费领域会损害顾客利益，败坏门店信誉和企业品牌形象，影响服务质量。所以，认真做好食品验收这一工作，成为华莱士面对消费者进入门店用餐，达到安全卫生，质量合格的要求。（四）探究华莱士总部对于食品验收的原则华莱士总部为保证食品的数量和质量，维护连锁店的形象，食品验收可遵循以下原则：第一，食品在各流转环节，随着每次食品管理权的转移，必须 进行一次验收以明确经济责任。第二，食品验收必须及时、迅速、准确，做到随进货、随验收、随上货。第三，根据食品的性质和包装特点采取不同的验收方法，做到有章可循，有据可查。第四，在验收过程中，凡是发现不合格的食品、过期食品或食品半成品应予以拒收或登记处理。第五，做好验收记录。三、华莱士门店的存货管理 （一）华莱士门店存货管理的内容华莱士门店存货管理主要包括仓库管理和盘点作业和坏品处理作业。仓库管理，是指门店食品存储空间的管理。盘点则指对库存商品的清点和核查。目前由于华莱士的食品配送及采购管理的有限，门店实现无仓库管理较困难，许多华莱士门店要么设置内仓要么将货架加高，将上层作为储存空间，保持一定的食品储备，以保障门店的正常运营销售。通过盘点作业，又可以及时计算出店铺真实的存货、费用率、毛利率、货损率等经营指标，便于门店经营决策和业绩考核。因此，仓库管理与盘点作业是相辅相成的，科学、合理、安全而卫生的仓库管理，不但可方便盘点作业，而且可减少库存费用及损坏率，及时准确地盘点又可科学地控制库存，发现问题并及时处理。 （二）华莱士连锁各门店的仓库管理 仓库管理是指食品空间的管理。华莱士门店仓库管理问题的解决方法1）库存食品要进行定位管理，其含义与食品配置图表的设计相似，即将不同的食品分类、分区管理的原则来存放，并用货架放置。仓库内至少分为三个区域：第一，大量存储区，即以整箱或栈板方式存储；第二，小量存储区，即将拆零食品放置在陈列架上；第三，退货区，即将准备退换的食品放置在专门的货架上。2）区位确定后应制作一张配置图，贴在存放货物的地方，以便于存取。小量储存区应尽量固定位置，整箱储存区则可弹性运用。若储存空间太小或属冷冻库，也可不固定位置而弹性运用。3）储存食品不可直接与地面接触。一是为了避免潮湿；二是由于某种食品的卫生规定；三是为了堆放整齐。4) 应注意仓储区的温湿度，保持通风良好，干燥，不潮湿。5）存储货物的地方应设置存货卡，食品进出要注意先进先出原则。也可采用色彩管理法，如每周或每月采用不同颜色的标签，以明显识别进货的日期。6) 华莱士门店店长应及时与订货人员沟通，以便到货的存放。此外，还要适时提出存货不足的预警通知，以防缺货。7）仓库内要设有防水、防火、防盗等设施，以保证食品半成品安全。8）仓储存取货原则上应随到随存、随需随取，但考虑到效率与安全，有必要制定作业时间的规定。9）华莱士食品进出库要做好登记工作，以便明确保管责任。但有些食品为讲究时效，也采取卖场存货与库房存货合一的做法。 四、华莱士门店盘点作业管理（一）华莱士各门店盘点作业的目的华莱士门店作业中，盘点作业是一项最繁杂、最花时间和人力的作业，但是盘点作业显示了企业的经营成果的大小。可以说，它是衡量经营好坏的最标准的尺度。盘点作业有其特定的目的：第一，是为了查清实际库存数量。盘点可以查清实际存货数量，华莱士通过盈亏调整使库存账面数量与实际库存数量一致。账面库存数量与实际存货数量不符的主要原因通常是收发作业中产生的误差，如记录库存数量时多记、误记，漏记；作业中导致的损失、遗失；验收和出货时清点有误；盘点时误盘、重盘、漏盘等。通过盘点清查实际库存数量与账面库存数量，发现问题并查明原因，及时调整。 （二）华莱士仓库管理中出现的问题。对货主企业来说，库存食品总金额直接反映企业流动资产的使用情况。库存食品的量过高，流动资金的正常运转将受到威胁；而库存金额又与库存量及其单价成正比，因此为了能准确地计算出企业实际损益，通过盘点来发现仓库管理中存在的问题。通过盘点查明盈亏的原因，发现作业与管理中存在的问题，并通过解决问题来改善作业流程和作业方式，整体提高华莱士人员素质和企业的管理水平。 （三）解决华莱士盘点作业的内容第一，查数量。通过点数计数查明在库食品的实际数量，核对库存账面资料与实际库存数量是否一致。第二，查质量。检查在库食品半成品质量有无变化，有无超过有效期和保质期，有无长期积压等现象，必要时还必须对其进行技术检验。第三，查保管条件。检查保管条件是否与各种物品要求相符合。如堆码是否稳固，温度是否符合要求，各类计量器是否准确等。第四，查安全。检查各种安全措施和消防设备，器材是否符合安全要求，设备是否处于安全状态。 五、总结 企业的进货和存货管理是企业正常运营销售中重要一环，特别是对于华莱士这种餐饮店来说，西式快餐店的人流量相对较大。各种食材，纸杯，油脂，吸管的消耗量较大，进货和存货管理更显得尤为重要。这种管理如果做得好，门店的经营就会很好地打理的井井有条。反之，门店经营就会陷入混乱，造成企业信誉和企业形象的损害。所以，华莱士餐饮各门店致力于做好进货和存货管理，让企业能够长时间立于不败之地。参 考 文 献【1】连锁经营管理原理与实务 2008年2月出版 张倩 主编 机械工业出版社 【2】供应链管理2011年2月第一版 出版 陈晓波 主编 厦门大学出版社【3】管理学2005年11月出版 周三多 主编 高等教育出版社【4】市场营销学2007年4月出版 吴健安 主编 高等教育出版社 致 谢大学三年的生活转瞬即逝，虽然短暂但却留下了许多难忘的回忆瞬间，从刚入大学时的懵懵懂懂到现在的渐渐成熟。我首先要感谢所有和我一起朝夕相处的同学和老师。特别是我们的辅导员，专业老师和论文指导老师。是你们帮我们走向了成长，走向了成熟。天高任鸟飞，是时候由我们自己出去开创属于自己的天地的时候了。人都要长大，都要成长，成长路上有你们的一路支持，帮助，关怀，我感到十分地幸运与欣喜。我感谢可以有这样一个平台，让我对所有给予我关心、帮助的人说声“谢谢”！今后，我会继续努力，好好工作！好好学习！好好生活!论文的写作不仅仅是一种形式，它更是对我们这些年来所学知识的一种总结，提炼与升华，是一次学习和积累的过程，在今后的工作中我们都可以从论文中得到很多启示和提高，论文指导老师的悉心教导，更是让我们受益匪浅。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the