本科毕业论文-船舶特别检验工作中验船师的素质、能力及责任关系分析.doc

船舶检验与管理课程考核小论文材料题 目： 船舶特别检验工作中验船师的素质、能力及责任关系分析班 级： 专 业： 学 院： 学 号： 姓 名： 2014年 6 月 8 日船舶特别检验工作中验船师的素质、能力及责任关系分析摘 要：就船舶检验的必要性，验船师的工作与分类，验船师需要掌握的技能，中国验船师的现状等方面来多方便剖析验船师这个职业。关键词： 作用；分类；技能；现状；责任心前言船舶检验是指地方船检局、海事处、船级社等机构对船舶等海上设施设计、建造、运行过程中的安全状态进行检验与评定。现代船舶建造耗费巨大，建造时间长，投入资源多，而验船师作为船级社和船东代表监督、检验造船质量，是一种专业性、技术性很强的岗位，直接关系到人民生命、财产的安全，可谓责任巨大。所以验船师必须具有足够的专业素质和良好的职业道德与责任心。1船舶检验的作用与必要性1.1 船舶检验最基本的作用是使船舶早建造和营运过程中保证安全，从而保护人员生命安全和公司财产安全。现代船舶大都排水量巨大，制造时间长，工艺繁琐，零部件多，而我国中小型船厂基础设施建设不够重视，大多采用外包给工队建造，工人素质良莠不齐，建造质量得不到保证，这就需要验船师检测船舶建造与完工质量，指出船舶建造过程中不规范的地方，保证完工质量。 2.2 船舶检验能够保护国家利益，保证财产安全。改革开放以来中国的经济快速发展，中国海洋经济也逐渐繁荣起来，并持续多年呈现强劲的发展势头，早已突破五亿元人民币大关并在我国国民生产总值中占了很大的一部分。这得益于我国对海洋经济的重视和相关一系列政策法规的出台。中国目前对外的出口交易量90%是靠航运来完成的，各大港口如宁波港、大连港货物吞吐量在世界都名列前茅，我国渔民的渔业捕捞船也开到了世界各地。航运业的健康安全有序地发展是我国海洋经济建设中的重要一环，航运船舶质量达不到要求，我国海洋经济将受到极大地影响，我国利益也会受损。而验船师就是船舶建造质量的把关者，验船师的一个疏忽就有可能导致重大损失。2.3 航运业强盛的出现缺少不了船舶检验的身影，其中验船师的功劳占了很大的一部分。中国的验船队伍经过了几十年的发展已经形成了地方船检局、海事处和CCS三足鼎立的局面，船舶检验越来越不可或缺地保障着航运业的迅速发展。中国船级社作为中国本土船舶检验机构的代表，这几年取得的成就尤为突出。它1997年和2007年曾两次荣任国际船级社协会主席。这是中国机构去行政化成功的优秀代表。地方船检事业也有了长足发展，保障了我国中小型船舶的正常营运。正是中国船级社的崛起和地方船检局的不懈努力，是我们的船舶建造质量得到保证，对航运业的迅速发展提供了极大的助力。 2.4船舶检验是促进造船和船舶产品发展的重要力量。只有质量上从严把关船厂才会足够重视船上设置的正规性与安全性，杜绝假冒伪劣产品，这样就能保障正规生产厂家的生存空间，那些制作假冒伪劣的小作坊没有了市场也就生存不下去了。验船师要求越高，国产船用产品研发也会被在船厂的要求下得到提升，我国造船业技术更新也会加快步伐。市场决定一个产业的兴荣程度，只有需求提上去了，从事相关产业的厂家才会多起来，再通过产业整合形成几家大型公司，然后科研力量就会上去，这符合国家近几年对船舶产业加快转型的要求，把好船舶检验关至关重要。2验船师的分类与工作范围2.1按照职能可划分为2.1.1 新造船验船师 包括测量和审图，根据检查的具体内容，并进一步分为：测量材料与部件、检测结构和检测涂层。2.1.2 营运船验船师：主要负责交船后的检验。2.1.3 船舶检验师：与保险相关。2.2按照工作范围划分2.2.1 审图验船师：主要是检验船舶设计图纸是否符合规范，是否有画错和遗漏的地方。2.2.2 规范验船师：主要是整理编制国际海事组织发出的规范。2.2.3 实践验船师：按其所检查的部分可以分为船体检验师、轮机检验师和船舶电器检验师。我认为实践验船师和结构验船师的工作类似，就是要上船接触船体的检验。实践验船师通过传动提供的经过检验的图纸进行实地检验。3验船师的需要掌握的技能船舶号称“浮动的国土”，一条船就是对于漂泊在各大洋的船员就是唯一的家园，也是一个国家经济实力在境外的延伸。 前苏联经济学家曾说过这样一句话：“船舶连同大舱内的所有货物，是一个国家生产力的象征” 验船师的资格认证需要对其进行船舶所有相关知识的考核，范围应该包括影响船舶安全的所有要素，像结构、稳性、船用电器设备、船舶消防设备等。一艘船舶从开始建造到结束航行退役的整个过程中应该都出现船舶检验的影子。合格的验船师必须拥有所从事行业的专业知识和丰富的船舶检验技能。在国际上，船舶检验行业已有两百多年的历史。在国际上对验船组织和验船师已经规定了相关的职业道德、技术理论和现场检验技能的准则。下面是国家规定各级验船师的具体要求：1助理验船师（1）、本专业（包括相关专业，下同）大学本科以上学历，船舶检验见习1年以上；或专业大学专科学历，船舶检验见习2年以上（2）、初步掌握相关的检验规则和规范，能够独立担当出船舶检验工作。（3）、通过中国海事局组织的适任考试2验船师（1）、本专业大学专科以上学历，取得助理验船师适任证书后，继续从事船舶检验工作4年以上对于非验船机构调入人员，本专业大学专科以上学历，具有工程师以上技术职称，船舶检验见习1年以上。（2）、能够运用本专业的技术理论和专业技术知识，正确理解并全面掌握履行本职工作必须熟悉的规范、规则，具有独立完成相应类别和专业的验船工作的能力和经验（3）、具有独立处理验船工作中的一般技术问题的能力4、通过中国海事局组织的适任考试（三）高级验船师1、本专业大学专科以上学历，取得验船师适任证书后，继续从事相应类别、专业船舶检验工作4年以上2、有两名具有高级验船师任职资格的专家联名推荐3、具有独立解决本类别和本专业重大技术问题的能力4、 通过中国海事局组织的适任评估验船师注册制度是大抵如下：要报考注册验船师，需要通过考试并掌握所有验船师必须具备的知识，横向范围包括船舶、起重设备、海洋工程、信号设备等，纵向范围包括船舶结构、舾装、轮机、电气、通导无线电设备等。只有做到这些才能正式拥有验船师资格上船检验船舶。除了上诉专业方面的要求，我认为验船师还应该满足一下几个要求。1、 英文口语应该能够在船舶方面与国外同行进行正常交流，毕竟船舶是一门国际化程度很高的行业，一艘船的建造材料、组成设备可能来自世界各地，船东和船厂也有可能是外籍。2、 性格开朗。验船师是一项枯燥乏味的工作，需要长时间一个人呆在船舱里检验或在办公室查阅资料很久。如果没有开朗的性格和自我放松的能力很容易引起一个人的心态与心情往不好的方面变化。心态不好必然会导致工作上的不愉快，发生失误的可能性也会加大。3、 工作认真，责任心强。对于航运这种需要长期在海上航行的工作来说，船舶的安全性至关重要。可能验船师一个小小的失误导致船上在海上航行几个月之后发生船毁人亡的下场，造成不可估量的损失。验船师工作认真负责的程度是直接和船上几十甚至上百条人命直接相关的，丝毫马虎不得。结构验船师又是经常在船舱里呆一天，特别是那种密不透风的水密舱室在夏天的问题会高达五十多度，验船师如果没有强大的责任心是很难坚持下来的。4、 抗压能力强。中国现在面临着验船师紧缺这一情况，往往几十条船等着一个验船师去检验，而船舶检验又是丝毫马虎不得，验船师的工作压力可想而知。一艘船舶的安全与否是有那个检验的验船师拍板决定的，检验的验船师是要在文件上签上自己的名字的，万一船舶出了非意外性事故，验船师的责任肯定是要被追究的，所以当验船师检验船舶的时候压力也是很大的。没有强大的抗压能力也是做不好验船师这份工作的。5、 一定的人际交往能力。船舶检验不仅仅是验船师对船舶的检验过程，更是验船师与主管部门、工人、客户等个体之间的交流。良好的沟通交流能力能达到事半功倍的效果，这取决于验船师自己的人际交往水平。对于不同的对象要采用不同的态度和方法。如与施工人员交流时，要保持谦虚态度，不厌其烦地为其讲解船舶存在哪些问题，哪些地方需要维护。施工人员文化程度不高，要更加积极地沟通。与客户交流时在不违背专业原则的基础上（即保证船舶安全），适当地从客户经济利益出发，采取方便使用的解决措施，设身处地地为客户着想，多听取客户的意见不妄下结论。与主管部门反映情况时，要反馈船舶的真实情况，用数据说话，反映客户、施工人员的想法，与主管部门人员亲密交谈，友好合作，寻找切实可行的解决途径，不轻易宣布船舶报废或取消船级等结论。人际交往的能力也是在不断实践中提高的，鉴于验船师要与各行各业的人打交道，验船师要提高自身修养，保持心态平和不被物质左右，培养出良好的人际交往能力，才能做出更好的成绩。4中国验船师现状数据显示现在中国总共有验船师约5000名，其中助理验船师约2000名，验船师1700多名，高级验船师约1120名。中国的验船师队伍与中国的航运大国和造船大国的地位极其的矛盾，数量之少可以称的上是触目惊心。而我国早已跨入世界造船与航运大国行列，这说明接下来很长一段时间内我国对验船师的需求量还是很大的。但我国对验船师资格的获得要求是非常严格的，所以对于一般船舶人来说获得验船师资格也不是一件容易的事。还有就是验船师工作的一些特殊性使很多人多这份职业望而却步。现阶段所有验船师的验船任务都很繁重，往往一个验船师有几十条船在等着他检验。工作压力和其所承担的严重责任也不是一般工作能够比的。现在的船舶安全压力很大程度上转向了船检这一部分，船舶出了事情后，船检部门首挡其冲的要被追责。验船机构的压力大了，验船师个人的责任和压力也会增加。以前国际上船级社对于船舶检验的后果和由此造成的损失一直只追究道义责任，而不对其进行经济和形式处罚。2002“威望”号事件，西班牙政府为美国船级社开出罪责，并列出巨额罚款。这一从来未有出现过的举动在航运界引起了巨大的争论。但是我们不难看出，以后船级社和验船师所承担的责任将会越来越大。在中国，关于船舶检验的标准也有越提越高的趋势，上一次持续两年的关于低质量船舶的整顿让验船师群体逐渐明白了自己的责任。业务增加了，船舶检验的队伍却始终难以增加。船检矛盾越来越激化，再加上过错追究制度的出台，验船师的制度越来越不好过。一些验船师已经做好了跳槽准备，因为他们觉得自己和其他部门的同事拿的工资差不多，却干得辛苦多了，承担的风险也非常大，不小心还要负形式责任，付出与收入明显不成比例。总的来说，中国验船师的发展前景是好的，但是现阶段因为体制等原因导致验船师队伍短缺的问题短时间还是不能得到解决。船检体制改革大家已经呼吁了和多年，海事、CCS和地方船检三者微妙的关系也是大家总所周知的，之所以难以改变当前的现状，海事逃不脱利益这两个字，光靠这三个部门已经解决不了现在的问题，还是要看政府的决心。5如何做一个称职的验船师专业素质和道德素质是做好任何一份工作都不可或缺的条件，验船师尤其如此，没有足够的专业素质连验船师的资格都不能获得，更别提真正上船检验船舶了。中国验船师资格的获取之难是大家都知道的，这一点我是赞同的，因为验船师这份工作的特殊性就要求从业人员要有极强的专业知识，没有精钢钻就不要揽瓷器活，否则只能是害人害己。有了专业素质后，道德素质也少不了。道德素质在工作中体现出来的就是一个人的责任心。验船师平时的工作枯燥，压力大，受到的诱惑也多，所以也更容易出事，这是就需要责任心来提醒自己坚守规定，坚持下去。结构验船师一整天都要呆在密闭的船舱里，在夏天四五十度的高温里还要坚持一丝不苟的工作是一件非常不容易的事。验船过程中可能因为船东急着用船，船东代表用利益来诱惑你以便让验船师睁一只眼闭一只眼，这个时候就需要职业道德来提醒验船师拒绝诱惑，坚守底线。 请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years fro