ublicspeakingandDebate英语公共演讲与辩论.ppt

Are people who own more than one home selfish? China should restrict private ownership of cars. 230 Christine 231 Emily Impromptu speeches Normal Class 2 Does an all-star cast enhance or distract a films message? Universities should cut off electricity in dormitories at night. 127 Kenson 111 Mathias 121 Bennie Impromptu speeches Business Class 1 Mistakes are important to learn about life. Happiness is not in doing what we like but in liking what we do. Confidence is the first step to success. 126 Karmen 105 Wilma 106 Jane 114 Sara False friends are worse than bitter enemies. Explain how a smart person may not be wise. Introduction to Debate week 8 Basic Terms Debate: a competition in which two opposing teams make speeches to support their arguments and disagree with those of the other team. Resolution: the opinion about which two teams argue. Affirmative team: agrees with the resolution. Negative team: disagrees with the resolution. Argument: supports your position on the resolution. (add this to your handout) Rebuttal: explains why one team disagrees with the other team. Judges: decide the winner. Why study debate? Done correctly, it builds research competence, media literacy, reading comprehension, argument literacy, evidence evaluation, summarization and outlining, public speaking, conflict resolution, civil discussion skills, critical thinking, and note taking. Lets look at each one of those: research competence media literacy reading comprehension argument literacy evidence evaluation summarization outlining public speaking conflict resolution civil discussion skills critical thinking note taking Done poorly, debate can be: people yelling at each other students reading from scripts that they didnt write Students need the skills associated with debate first. So, lets look at some skills. Critical Thinking in Debate Read the handout. Each student should read one or two sentences and pass the microphone. Argumentation Remember ARE An argument is an assertion, reasoning, and evidence. An assertion is a statement that something is so. Reasoning is the “because“ part of an argument, and evidence is the “for example“ part, that supports the reasoning. Its used to validate or support the reasoning. Opinions and Reasons A resolution is an opinion about which there can be valid disagreement. Debaters either agree or disagree with the resolution regardless of what they personally believe. An opinion can be introduced by an opinion indicator: “I think/believe that smoking should be banned in public places” A reason explains why that opinion is held and can be introduced by a reason indicator: “because/since secondhand smoke is harmful for nonsmokers.” Strong Reasons versus Weak Reasons A strong reason has the following qualities: it logically supports the opinion it is specific and states the idea clearly it is convincing to a majority of people weak or strong? Smoking should be banned in public places because: it is bad. it gives people bad breath and makes their teeth yellow. secondhand smoke is harmful for nonsmokers. With a partner, think of at least one strong reason for each resolution: 1. Women should quit their jobs after they get married. 2. Love is more important than money. 3. It is better to be married than single. 4. Writing by hand is better than writing by computer. Compare your reason with another pair of students. Decide whose reasons are stronger and why. Support consists of evidence. (take notes) There are four kinds of evidence: Example Common Sense Statistics Expert Opinion Example from your own experience or from what you heard or read “For example/for instance/let me give an example, whenever I go to a restaurant or bar and there are people smoking near me, I feel that I am breathing their smoke. This makes me a smoker even though I dont want to be.” Common Sense things that you believe everybody knows. “Everyone knows/ifthen/its common knowledge that secondhand smoke is very unhealthy for nonsmokers.” Statistics numbers this comes from research! “Secondhand smoke causes about 250,000 respiratory infections in infants and children every year, resulting in about 15,000 hospitalizations each year.” Expert Opinion the opinions of experts this comes from research! According to / to quote / the book _ says “According to the Environmental Protection Agency, “secondhand smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths in nonsmokers each year.” Generating Resolutions Issues about which people are likely to disagree work best for debate. They can be controversial: the death penalty should be banned or less divisive: love is more important than money. Brainstorm a list of resolutions Write the resolution as a statement. Choose topics that you are interested in or that are in the news now. Remember that topics about which peopl