毕业论文-基于1882年排华法案对在美华人的研究A Research on Chinese in USA Based on the Chinese Exclusion A.docx

NANCHANG UNIVERSITY学 士 学 位 论 文THESIS OF BACHELOR（20132015年） 题 目:A Research on Chinese in USA Based on the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882学 院： 外国语学院 系： 英语语言文学 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 2013级 学 号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 起讫日期： 2015年3月-2015年6月 基于1882年排华法案对在美华人的研究摘 要1882年排华法案的颁布是美国移民史上的大事件之一，对当时的中国移民形势造成了重大冲击，并对中美关系产生了深远的影响。本文通过分析美国当时的经济，政治和文化状况深入解读该法案出台的原因及意义,阐明该法案造成的影响，为现代移民带来一些启示。本文首先分析了排华法案产生的历史背景,排华法案的出台是美国工人阶级日趋高涨的排华情绪被资产阶级政党利用的结果,进而论述了排华法案针对的是包括华工在内的所有华人。然后,从美国对华移民政策、中美关系、美国当时的现状等方面,对该法案进行了反思。关键词：排华法案；中国劳工；移民A Research on Chinese in USA Based on the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882AbstractThe issue of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 is one of the most significant events in the history of American immigration history, which had a great impact on the immigrant situation and further influenced the relationship between China and America. By exploring the political, economic and cultural situation of American society at that age, this paper interprets the reason and meaning behind the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and gives a good reference for modern immigration. This paper analyzes the historical background of the Chinese Exclusion Act-the increasing anti-Chinese sentiment which is exploited by Bourgeois parties is the root cause of the Act issue. It further discusses the Act is against not only Chinese laborers, but also other Chinese immigrants. Then, there is a reflection of the Act about the United States immigration policy toward China, Sino-US relation, real situation of the United States at that time and so on.Key words: the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese labors, immigrationCONTENTS摘 要IAbstractIIChapter 1 Introduction1Chapter 2 The background of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 18823 2.1 Chinese labors participation in the western development3 2.2 The increasingly fierce anti-Chinese sentiment4Chapter 3 The causes of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 188273.1 The push of economic factors and labor organizations7 3.2 Domestic manipulation of policians.9 3.3 Serious racism and cultural conflict.10Chapter 4 The target of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.11 4.1 Analysis of the Act.11 4.2 Examples of the Act.11Chapter 5 The reflection of Chinese Exclusion Act of 188215 5.1 A significant shift in Americas immigration policy towards China15 5.2 A strong negative impact on Sino-US relation.165.3 A strong reverse impact on economic development.16 5.4 The differences in value and way of life.17Chapter 6 Conclusion.19References20Acknowledgements21IVChapter1 IntroductionAll the time the relationship between China and America both as super countries in the world has been catching human beings attention. There is an interesting metaphor that they are one couple of strange bedfellows. On the one hand their mutual political, economic and cultural benefits matter a lot. On the other hand there are countless frictions and conflicts between each other. Among what has been argued was prominent and history-affecting the enactment of Chinese exclusion law, which deeply hurt Chinese heart, meanwhile influenced American temporal economy. The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West written by Diana L. Ahmad is mainly concentrated on elements causing the enactment of Chinese exclusion act, and lessons that we can learn from the shift of American attitude toward Chinese. In the context of Chinese Exclusion movements refer racialization processes, land, and policy. The Chinese exclusion act of the later nineteenth and early twentieth century was the nations earliest border-controlling legislation. (Ahmad, 2007) Creating whiteness in California: Racialization processes, land, and policy in the context of Californias Chinese Exclusion movements, 1850 to 1910 written by Anna Noel analyzes historic California Chinatowns to show how social relations and constructions of identity influenced. She discusses the anthropological concepts of acculturation studies and ethnic boundary maintenance, and how they have been applied in archaeological practices. She analyses instances in which investigations of historic events associate with Chinese Americans have unconsciously perpetuated nineteenth-century racial stereotypes. Developments in theories emphasize the utility of approaches that examine the actual creations of social identity through acts of daily practice created in a particular historical setting. Finally, the evaluation of extant data and theoretical insights point to directions for effective practices in Chinese American archaeology. What is more, it also gives some negative perceptions on several relevant popular opinions. As follows: racism, capitalists squeezing to Chinese, then by probing into the essential reason lying on Chinese self-exclusion on culture, it is in advocacy of a better adaption in the cyber society. (Naruta, 2006)By exploring the political, economic and cultural situation of American society at that ages, this paper interprets the reason and meaning behind the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and gives a good reference for today and futures immigration. In 1850s United States, a large number of Chinese workers served as cheap labors. In 1860-1870s, unemployment exacerbated American anti-Chinese sentiments. Under this circumstance, the Act was issued. The paper explores the causes of the Act from the aspects of ethnic conflicts, Chinese contribution to America economy and policy factors. In fact, the Chinese Exclusion Act is against all Chinese in America. At last, it reaches a conclusion on the consequence of the Art - the reject of the US immigrant policy towards China and the deadlock of Sino-US relation. It also points out the Sino-US differences in values and lifestyles reflected in the Act. Chapter 2 The background of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 The Chinese Exclusion Act, refers to a bill signed by the U.S. official on May 6, 1882. It is a revision based on the Burlingame Treaty in 1880. Regulations which have been amended allow government to suspend the immigration of Chinese into the United States. Then the Congress quickly performed the decision.2.1 Chinese labors participation in the western development In 1848, since gold was discovered in California, a gold rush hit the United States. With the development of the mining area in the urgent need of a large number of labor and the far western region sparsely populated, lack of labor, At that time, Chinas economy is on the brink of collapse, especially in the southeast coast, severe natural disasters were more fierce than ever before. On the occasion, throwing their eyes at China, American capitalists wanted to input from China large quantities of cheap Labor. Under the advocacy and lure of the “golden dream” which was like a magnet attracting the bankrupt Chinese underclass. It was dual forces of “push” and “pull” that made a large number of Chinese immigrants flood into the United States. From 1848 to 1848, it only took three years before Chinese in California was up to twenty-five thousand people. Since then, in order to meet large labor demand, the U.S. government welcomed the Chinese immigrants into the United States extraordinarily. In 1868, for the sake of ensuring the legalization of recruiting workers in China, the United States government signed the Burlingame Treaty with Qing government to make the Chinese people be free from any restrictions to immigrate to the United States.From the beginning, in California mines, however, there was anti-foreignism, since Chinese set their foot on the land there had been existing discrimination and persecution. At that time, most of white people tended to explore the rich gold mine, leaving Chinese poor gold ones. But equipped with good technology skills and the collective spirit of collaboration, they still were able to find out the gold. As a result of the Chinese higher working efficiency than Americans, they could get more gold , gradually in the process of digging gold Chinese gained the upper hand. Americans exclaimed, Chinese had considerably robbed their wealth, then began to persecute Chinese. As the miners used to say, “we are the white, you are the yellow ones.” In 1849, the United States for the first time in history warred the anti-Chinese riot-Tulum riot, where more than 60 Chinese miners were kicked out of the camp. It is also regarded as the typical research material on a prominent reflection of early persecution in the United States.In 1850s, as Chinese immigrants poured into the United States, under the control of racism, California government began to take legislative action aiming at Chinese labor. In 1852, the state government has issued license tax to limit the influx of foreign workers which imposed 3 dollars per month to each foreign miners. In fact license tax was mainly borne by Chinese labor, because there was a tradition as early as in 1850, California parliament passed a 20-dollar-license tax monthly and managed to force Mexican and other South American countries miners out. Thus as the Chinese becoming the largest number in foreign miners groups, they also became the main target. With the promulgation of the foreign license tax, the anti-Chinese riots were also escalating, for example, in 1852 white miners rallied and reached the resolution to expel Chinese and forbid them in the mining work in Tulum county. At the same time or a little later in mares, something similar happened. Chinese exclusion wave was higher and higher. On December 18th, 1856, San Franciscos newspaper reported: “in the past five years, more than hundreds of Chinese people were killed and hurting Chinese events occurred almost every day”, “these atrocities and wrong doings were forcing Chinese to reconsider their situation”. therefore many people left the mining area for other industries. (Naruta, 2006)2.2 The increasingly fierce anti-Chinese sentimentThe tension of anti-Chinese riots in 1860s slightly quieted down, because the Chinese were under the specific burden of building transcontinental railway. They filled the shortage of labor in railway construction, according to statistics, “from 1865 to 1869, Chinese labor who the central Pacific railroad employed accounted for nearly nine out of ten.” Therefore, racialism had restrained itself to some degree, after all, it is subordinate to the need of economic development. however, ironically, no sooner after finishing the first railway across the continental States in 1869, when the Chinese exclusion acts burst into flames again, and reached the most rampant level in history.After the completion of railway, Chinese labor were all fired. Firstly, they, together with the east labor, flooded into the western manpower market, causing the market saturated. What is more, Chinese workers did not care about the type of work, and could stand the illegal torture including capitalists extending working hours and lowering wages so it was not difficult for them to find a job. Many white workers, by contrast, often expressed fussy and picky, either despised those dirty jobs nor complained the wages were too low. They were not even willing to work in the factories and farms, and engage themselves in the service industry, so relatively they were facing the problem of insufficient labor employment. Under the circumstance, the unemployed white labor hatred Chinese ones more profoundly, and has been crying the Chinese workers robbed their “jobs”. Second, in 1873, the American economic crisis broke out, according to statistics, in this crisis, “California, about 30% of the workers lost their jobs, there are 1500 unemployed workers in San Francisco, and railway companies dismissed more than 12000 Chinese, who then trickled in the city”, “during the tough period, the number of Chinese immigrants reached the culmination of the nineteenth century, from 1870 to 1870, more than 80000 Chinese people came to the United States, in 1873 alone there were more than 1873 Chinese into the country”. This aggravated the Chinese “rob jobs” with the white phenomenon. Things were going to a worse direction. In order to divert the anger of whites and mitigate class contradictions, bourgeois politicians blamed the white unemployment and economic crisis to the influx of Chinese immigrants, and constantly stirred up the white hostility to Chinese, and arouse their enthusiasm of racism. In the end Chinese became the scapegoat for the economic crisis. According to incomplete statistics, from 1852 to 1882, there existed up to 20 ranging from regional anti-China legislations and state the anti-China legislations to judicial decisions. “Chinese problem” no longer bothered California, but the whole America. The anti-China emotion was spreading from California to Washington. Above all, the bourgeois parties chasing for their own interests, stood at the forefront of anti-Chinese camp openly. From then on. Chinese in the U.S. was facing an unprecedented disaster. (Calavita, 2000). Chapter 3 The causes of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 President Roosevelt ever called the Chinese Exclusion Act a historic error. But if we study history further, we will find the theory is not so simple. As the worlds oldest country holding democracy, the United States possesses mature politics and acceptance capacity which shall be the worlds best template. Then, why? When the act was discussed in the United States Congress, and able to pass by a majority voting. How about the liberal democracy and the capacity of inclusiveness? Is it a behavior to slap its own face?3.1 The push of economic factors and labor organizations In the latter half of 19th century, the United States has experienced the Second Industrial Revolution, machine expansion of mass production reduced the demand for labor, increasing factory workers unemployment. 1873 witnessed an outbreak of a severe economic crisis, domestic economic recession lasted five years, at this critical moment, the amount of Chinese people reaching the U.S. was toward the climax. From 1870 to 1880, 134000 Chinese enter into the United States. The highest number was in 1876, 22943 people. The arrival of a large number, combined with them regardless of the type of work, the endurance of longer working hours reducing the salary treatment. Thus they posed a grave threat to the United States in the Labor market. Due to the limitation of awareness and understanding, the white blamed their sufferings to foreign workers competition gradually, saw excluding Chinese as a way to vent grievances. The most prominent one was the Chinese Massacre at Rock Spring which was the most brutal event in the history of the Chinese exclusion movements in the United States. The cause for the massacre lied that coal companies would temporarily increase the railway transport capability, because of winters coming and intension to increase production. The miners took the opportunity to raise and improve the treatment conditions. The manager refused to accept them, an all-out strike was fermented in the miners. The local miners were from Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden and other countries migrant workers. However, honest Chinese workers did not join the strike, causing white Labors discontent. In China, there is an old saying that clear away the snow only in front of ones door; Let every man skin his own skunk. At the same time, coal companies after white labors strike, immediately hired hundreds of Chinese replace the white. The move angered more white miners and local families. Tragedy which happened in September 2, 1885, 28 Chinese workers were killed, 15 Chinese workers were seriously injured, some 600 Chinese were expelled. Chinese seemed to admitted their inferior race, then did not participate in the strike, not to fight for their deserved rights and interests, which indeed could attest the Chinese had no intention of liberating themselves from the tyranny and oppression. nevertheless the root cause of the tragedy is the competition for jobs, a kind of job problem. After the bloody slaughter, the western people try to use a modern civilization explanation, so-called racialism. After all in the mid1880s, racialism in the white world, really represented the height of the some kind of upper class. Since 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act appeared, the anti-China atrocities were like plagues spreading rapidly, almost all over the United States. From January, 1886 to April, 35 Chinese residential areas in California were close down. In 1887, 31 Chinese miners were killed in eastern Washington state by the snake river, Chinese life was threatened every minute. Workers party including local and national labor organization, such as California workers party, the national labor union, etc., in order to obtain the support of the workers, stirring up Chinese exclusion idea actively, lobbying Congress, which became the main