本科毕业论文-基于PLC的煤矿矿车防跑车系统设计（定稿）.docx

基于plc的煤矿矿车防跑车系统设计摘要:随着自动控制理论和 PLC 技术的发展，具有易于使用、功能强大、高可靠性、扩展能力强、广泛的适用性和组成控制系统的简洁性等诸多优点的PLC控制技术，得到了越来越广泛的应用。本论文以作者研究的基于PLC的煤矿矿车防跑车系统项目为背景，从PLC控制系统设计的角度，探讨PLC控制技术的应用。本课题主要是对基于PLC的煤矿矿车防跑车系统进行设计，以实现有效的对挡车栏进行手动控制和自动控制；并且能够对矿车的运行状态进行实时监控，当矿车运行出现问题时可及时报警并控制挡车栏对矿车进行拦截；能够实现与上位机进行通讯，可以在人机界面中观察矿车状态并进行手动操作。本次设计应用小型可编程控制器（西门子S7-200 CPU224）作为控制系统硬件部分控制核心，采用组态王设计人机界面，使用CAD制图软件绘制电气原理图，采用西门子STEP7-MicroWIN编程软件进行编程。程序调试结果表明本次设计的系统能够实现对矿用挡车栏的自动和手动控制，可与上位机进行通讯。 本设计可应用于现场工作。关键词：PLC 挡车栏 控制系统 通讯 11 / 11前 言斜井轨道提升时煤矿提升系统中的一个重要组成部分，但目前斜井轨道提升系统在运行过程中跑车事故发生频率较高，是煤矿安全生产的薄弱环节。特别是一些煤矿由于资金匮乏、人为操作较多等原因，造成装置磨损老化，容易出现钢丝绳断裂，发生跑车事故。煤矿跑车事故危害严重，除了撞坏设施外，还会造成人员伤亡等严重后果。为了解决这一问题，多数煤矿选择在斜井中安装挡车栏装置，挡车栏装置可以有效的对发生跑车的矿车进行拦截，避免造成重大人员伤亡及财产损失。本文设计的就是一款基于PLC的煤矿矿车防跑车系统。可编程控制器（简称PLC）是一种新型的具有极高可靠性的通用工业自动化控制装置。它具有控制能力强、可靠性高、配置灵活、编程简单、方便使用、易于扩展等优点，是当今工业控制的主要手段和重要的自动化控制设备。本设计选用西门子S7-200中CPU224系列PLC作为控制核心。要求设计一个由PLC自动控制的挡车栏系统，由位置传感器检测车辆有无并计算车速，若矿车超速则自动开启挡车栏拦截矿车，可有效的减少由矿车跑车造成的损失。第一章煤矿矿车防跑车系统研究背景和设计与实现1煤矿矿车防跑车系统研究背景目前我国矿山井下辅助运输绝大多数仍然以轨道运输为主要方式，斜巷轨道运输又是煤矿辅助运输的重要一环，其特点是工作范围广、战线长、占用设备多、设备设施流动性大、涉及人员多。在目前煤矿生产中，运输事故还占有很大的比例。在斜巷矿车移动中，由于绞车司机的违章作业、信号把钩工的不规范推车、连挂车和矿车连接装置的不完好等原因,易发生跑车事故。一旦发生跑车，就可能造成设备损坏、中断斜巷运输,造成严重的经济损失，严重的还会造成人员伤亡,对矿井的安全生产造成严重影响。2煤矿矿车防跑车装系统功能介绍本设计任务是针对基于PLC的矿用挡车栏系统进行设计。该系统应实现以下功能要求：(1) 能够有效的对挡车栏进行控制，分为手动控制和自动控制两种方式；(2) 能够对矿车的运行状态进行实时监控，当矿车运行出现问题时可及时报警并控制挡车栏对矿车进行拦截。3煤矿矿车防跑车系统的设计与实现由于矿车在煤矿、金属矿山、非金属矿山等所有倾角在30以下的单轨提升运输斜巷中运行，当斜巷矿车发生跑车时，将会造成很大安全事故，造成人身设备伤亡。基于上述背景，本章探讨煤矿矿车防跑车系统的设计与实现，该系统是对发生跑车的矿车进行有效拦截以免扩大事故，特别适合于复合型斜巷中。整个煤矿矿车防跑车系统主要包括控制系统部分和机械部分。煤矿矿车防跑车系统主要由核心控制器、位置检测系统、挡车栏系统、监控报警系统等部分组。图1-1 煤矿矿车防跑车系统结构图第二章煤矿矿车防跑车系统总体设计1速度检测原理 要检测矿车在斜井中的运行速度， 经过分析，提出了在斜井坡上，每隔一段距离安装一个位置传感器，用来检测矿车在某段时间内运动的距离，从而计算出矿车运行的速度。图3-3分多段检测矿车运行速度方案。 图2-1 传感器位置示意图图2-1中所示，斜井坡长分2段进行检测矿车运行的速度，一共装有3个位置检测传感器，相互之间的距离分别为L1和L2。矿车运行至拐点处，第一个传感器检测，运行时间T1，斜坡上的第二个传感器检测到矿车运行信号，此时计算出矿车速度V1,矿车继续运行至第三个传感器，运行时间为T2，从而可以再次计算出，此时的矿车运行的速度。2系统闭环控制原理 由挡车栏的工作原理可知，每次挡车栏的开启，与矿车在斜坡上的运动速度有关，当速度大于某个设定值时，挡车栏自动启动。 图2-2 防跑车系统闭环控制原理图图2-2为系统闭环控制原理图。由图可知，PLC、绞车电机和速度检查检测三者构成一个闭环控制回路。PLC接收到矿车位置检测信号，计算出矿车的运行的速度，若矿车超速则控制绞车电机开启挡车栏，钢丝绳网将矿车的动能转换为弹性势能，然后通过吸能器把弹性势能吸收，矿车安全平稳停下，避免事故发生。3煤矿矿车防跑车系统硬件设计合理选择PLC对于提高PLC控制系统的性价比起着重要作用，PLC的选择应包括机型的选择、容量的选择、I/O模块的选择、电源模块的选择等几个方面。在煤矿矿车防跑车系统中，经过调研、分析，选择了德国西门子公司生产的S7-200系列PLC作为系统的控制器。西门子S7-200系列，是S7系列中最先进的超级微型PLC，除了具有一般输入输出的功能外，还具有模拟量控制、定位控制等特殊功能。 S7-224系列PLC产品性能说明如下： 控制点数(I/O)最大允许扩展到 256 点。 布尔量的运算速度(0.22s)。 内置6个高速计数器 。 辅助继电器：M,S,L等；计时器：256 点；计数器：256点；数据寄存器：VB,VW,VD等。 丰富的功能扩展模块(最大可扩展7个模块)。在防跑车栏控制系统中，采用组态软件设计的人机操作界面，可节省许多PLC的输入/输出点数。经过分析，确定煤矿矿车防跑车系统共需要5点输入和4点输出，为了以后的调整和工艺改进的需要，在实际统计的I/O点数基础上，一般应加上1020的备用量，因此选用了S7-00中CPU224 型PLC，它具有14点输入和10点输出。4电气原理图图2-3 防跑车控制系统电气原理图输入端：I0.0I0.2分别为三个传感器的检测信号。在程序中用于控制定时器T37与T38，通过定时器即可得出矿车运行时间，计算出矿车速度。I0.5I0.6为挡车栏开启上限和下限返回信号。在程序中设定一个开启信号返回时间，如果没有在规定时间内收到返回信号，则说明挡车栏由于某些原因并未完全开启或关闭，需要及时报警以免发生事故。输出端：Q0.0为电机正转输出，控制挡车栏开启。Q0.1为电机反转输出，控制挡车栏关闭。Q0.2为矿车电机输出，用于控制矿车的启动与停止。Q0.3为报警输出。表2-1 煤矿矿车防跑车系统PLC输入/输出模块对应用途输入信号输出信号编号用途编号用途I0.0检测矿车位置传感器信号Q0.0档车栏提升电机正传KM1（开启）I0.1检测矿车位置传感器信号Q0.1档车栏提升电机反传KM2（关闭）I0.2检测矿车位置传感器信号Q0.2矿车电机回路驱动KM3I0.3备用Q0.3系统故障报警输出KM4I0.4备用Q0.4备用I0.5检测挡车栏提升信号开到位Q0.5备用I0.6检测挡车栏提升信号开到位Q0.6备用5煤矿矿车防跑车系统PLC程序经过详细研究挡车栏的工作原理和控制要求，该系统PLC程序设计采用了分系统设计的思想，主要包括三个部分：位置检测系统、挡车栏系统、监控报警系统。程序的编写采用梯形图编程方式。使用西门子公司的V4.0 STEP7-MicroWIN SP6编程软件。 6位置检测系统位置检测系统是矿车运行在斜坡导轨上重要的检测系统，实时反应矿车运行的状况，编程时将位置检测程序 置于自动控制挡车栏首位指令之前。位置检测系统需要完成的功能是将矿车的运行速度检测计算出来。图2-4为位置检测系统逻辑流程。图2-4 位置检测流程图7挡车栏系统煤矿矿车防跑车系统开启和关闭是是煤矿矿车防跑车系统软件的核心部分。矿车在斜坡运行过程中，PLC根据检测出的矿车运行速度和用户设定的值进行对比，当矿车速度超过设定值时，挡车栏钢丝绳网提升开启，防止跑车造成的事故，反之关闭。经过仔细的调研、分析，设计出自动开启和关闭挡车栏动作的逻辑流程图，如图2-5所示图2-5 煤矿矿车防跑车系统功能图在自动挡车栏控制入口处，需满足一系列的条件才能启动矿车，矿车开始运行进入 自动控制流程。图2-6为绞车启动条件。图2-6 矿车启动条件在自动控制挡车栏程序中必需考虑的另一个方面是矿车停止运行的条件， 当正常的绞车停止或者手动按下停止按钮，或者遇到一些故障情况，程序将自动停止绞车工作。图2-7为绞车停止条件，图中满足任意条件时，绞车将停止工作。图2-7 矿车停止条件8 声光语音报警系统图2-8 报警系统逻辑流程图图 2-8为报警系统流程图，其功能是将矿车跑车后，将故障发送至监控平台，并语音提示，减少人身设备伤亡。 结束语本设计完成的基于PLC的煤矿矿车防跑车系统能够完成以下工作内容：1能够有效的对挡车栏进行控制，分为手动控制和自动控制两种方式；2能够对矿车的运行状态进行实时监控，当矿车运行出现问题时可及时报警并控制挡车栏对矿车进行拦截；本设计成果也存在一些问题，由于条件所限，本次设计只能完成模拟实验，如运用在实际中，电压稳定、工作环境等都可能对系统产生影响，造成系统出现一些误差。需要进一步改善。由于本人经验和能力有限，对系统设计所需软硬件的使用还不能达到驾轻就熟的程度，所以设计的程序也只能基本上达到设计要求。 参考文献 1陈立定. 电气控制与可编程序控制器的原理及应用M. 北京：机械工业出版社，2005.1. 2杨长能等可编程控制器（PC）基础及应用M重庆大学出版社，1992. 3何衍庆可编程控制器原理及应用技巧M北京：化学工业出版社，1998. 4王晨，贾福音等斜井跑车保护装置的研究现状与发展趋势J煤矿机械，2010，31(3). 5陈拓其一种新型矿车防跑车机构的设计与仿真J矿山机械，2009，37(17)：38-40请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship.