本科毕业论文-基于PLC控制的垂直升降式立体停车库设计.doc

垂直升降式立体停车库摘要立体车库是专门实现各种车辆的自动存取的车库设施。随着社会发展，汽车不断增加，与日俱增的车与有限的停车空间两者的矛盾越来越深化。针对这一问题，我认为立体车库的研究是必要的。立体车库能够很好的利用地面以上的空间，成为解决城市静态交通问题的有效的途径。本文是以四层十六车位的立体停车库为研究模型，简述其工作原理即实现功能，然后着重分析库层感应电路、车位指定电路、升降机的选向电路以及横向左右移动控制电路。为了使停车设备满足使用要求，根据国家关于机械式停车设备通用安全要求的标准，在垂直提升式立体停车库中使用了一些必要的安全技术，这样保证了车辆的绝对安全，使得整个车库可以安全平稳的运行。关键字：立体停车库；垂直升降；PLC；自动控制系统目 录摘要I第一章 绪论11.1 选题的背景与意义11.2 立体车库在国内外的发展现状11.3 立体车库的特点21.4 立体车库的主要类型3第二章 升降式立体车库的系统总体设计42.1 设计方案的分析及比较42.1.1 方案一：出入口独立的垂直升降式立体车库42.1.2 方案二：出入口混合无换向的垂直升降式立体车库52.1.3 方案三：出入口混合带换向的垂直升降式立体车库52.2 立体车库总体方案系统分析6第三章 立体车库系统硬件设计83.1 检测传感器的选择83.1.1 中间继电器83.1.2 接触器83.1.3 按钮开关93.1.4 行程开关93.2 电动机的选择93.2.1 升降电动机的类型选取103.2.1 升降电动机的型号选取103.3 PLC的选型113.4 汽车自动识别系统的选取13第四章 立体车库系统的软件设计144.1立体车库控制系统的组成144.2 立体车库控制系统的工作原理144.3 立体车库主要线路的PLC程序设计164.3.1 立体车库主要控制线路的PLC程序设计164.3.2 立体车库主要控制线路的I/O外部接线图184.4 立体车库主要线路的模块分析204.4.1 车位指定线路204.4.2 升降台选向电路214.4.3 库层感应控制电路224.4.4 横向移动取车控制电路23第五章 仿真调试245.1 硬件调试245.2 软件调试245.3 系统联调24结论25参考文献26第一章 绪论1.1 选题的背景与意义近几年来，随着我国国民经济和汽车制造业的迅速发展，汽车保有量快速增长。北京、上海等大城市以每年15万辆的速度增加，而停车位的发展速度却远远滞后于汽车发展速度，停车难已成为大中城市发展的社会问题。而立体停车库以其突出的特点赢得了人们越来越多的青睐，如：以狭小的空间，争取最多的停车空间，运转平稳、无噪音，运行速度快，存取时间短，符合城市环保要求；光电检测库内的存车状态，智能化的按键操作，使操作者全过程掌握车辆存取的每一个动作；多路安全保护，设有防坠落、防碰撞、防过载等一系列安全保护装置。诸多因素表明，我国立体车库停车产业与其配套产业目前正在成为潜力巨大的前途性产业。停车设备制造业面临千载难逢的发展良机，具有高科技、高安全性、高可靠性、高效率的垂直提升式立体停车库将具有巨大的发展前景。1.2 立体车库在国内外的发展现状国外立体车库发展状况：早在20世纪50年代中期，立体停车就在国外有所发展，先后出现了针对家庭使用的双层停车设备；利用住宅空地建起2-4层升降横移停车设备；适合城市中心商住区使用的停车楼和停车塔；利用广场、建筑物下面的空间建设地下车库。自70年代末起，世界经济高速发展，汽车逐渐普及，保有量不断增加，迫使地少人多、车多的国家、地区和一些发达国家积极开展了机械式停车技术的研究开发和制造应用。以日本、美国、德国等为代表的发达国家在停车技术领域的研究处于世界领先水平，韩国立体停车设备技术是日本技术的派生。产业从20世纪70年代中期开始起步，80 年代开始引进日本技术，经过消化生产和本土化，90 年代开始为推广使用阶段。国内立体车库发展状况：我国机械式车库的早期研究开发工作是从80年代中期开始，90年代开始引进和生产停车设备，在北京、上海、广州、深圳等地都有使用。产品经引进技术和自我研制开发，生产技术水平有了很大的提高。目前我国已经形成了新兴的停车行业，步入了引进、开发、制造、使用相结合的初步发展阶段。现在从事立体停车设备制造企业已有30余家。立体停车场国产化率达到50% 以上,一些科研机构和大专院校也开始研究和开发符合国情的立体停车场。在我国的停车产业发展中还存在一些问题，如没有统一的技术标准；多数产品是仿效或引进国外技术制造，技术水平低；缺少具有一定规模的企业，生产能力不足；市场竞争无序，个别企业为抢占市场，采取低价竞争；缺少科研设计单位的参与，技术创新能力严重不足；政策不配套，对停车产业发展和管理严重滞后等。解决上述问题，需要我们在政策市场、管理和技术多方面做出努力。政策方面应参照发达国家的有关政策法规，规划确定出专用和公共停车位的合理数量，实现投资主体多元化，确定车库的管理属性和停车收费标准，给予投资和经营者相应的优惠政策，使其有利可图。市场方面应建立车库市场运行机制，利用价格杠杆调高占路停车收费标准，逐步消除“路满库空”现象。鼓励按市场规则经营车库，并实施政府监督和政策调控，使停车产业良性发展。1.3 立体车库的特点 立体停车库属于仓储设施，专门为各类车辆自动停放，是一种技术密集型机电一体化产品，发展潜力较大，具有很多优点： 占地面积小。可向地下和高空发展，以最小的占地面积达到最优的存储。 建筑成本低。经济效益高，使用地皮面积的缩减极大的减少了资金投入，比相同规模的平面停车场要节省的多。配置灵活，适应性强。机械式立体停车库具有多种类型，设计上具有较大的灵活性，可适应各种形式的地形或建筑物。自动化操控，使用方便。机械式立体停车库自动化程度高，用户通过简单操作，就能实现车辆的自动存取；配备自动检测系统以及安全保护措施，安全性能好。1.4 立体车库的主要类型机械式车库种类较多，主要有以下形式：升降横移类、垂直循环类、巷道堆垛类、垂直升降类、水平循环类、平面移动类、简易升降类等。下面介绍其中几种类型及其特点如表1-1。表 1-1 立体车库的几种主要类型及其特点序号类型特点及使用1升降横移式 结构简单、操作简便、能耗造价低、设置灵活、自动化程度较低、因受力链绳及存取时间的限制，可建停车规模有限，一般层高不超过5层，占地面积大。2垂直循环式 占地面积小，存取自动化，存取车速度慢，产生噪音，震动大，能耗高，工作机动性较差，结构易变形，存取室狭小，存取车不方便，目前较少使用。3巷道堆垛式 低噪声，低能耗，自动化技术高，等待时间长，进出口少。4垂直升降式 占地面积最小的一类，耗能低，存取高速智能化，环境影响小，对地基消防要求高，平均车位成本较高。比较各种车库的优缺点，垂直升降类车库具有占地面积小、空间利用率高、技术性能好、节能、噪声低，速度高，出入车快，进出入车方式自由、安全装置齐全可靠、操作简单易维护等独特优点。垂直升降式立体车库时一种综合性能比较优良的车库，自动化程度价高，具有广阔的发展前景。本文选定立体车库类型为垂直升降式立体车库。第二章 升降式立体车库的系统总体设计2.1 设计方案的分析及比较2.1.1 方案一：出入口独立的垂直升降式立体车库出入口独立垂直升降式立体车库，就是车库的出入口独立设置，存车时车辆由入口驶入车库，取车时车辆由出口驶出车库，车库的每个车架里面只能容纳一辆车。(1)系统构成：整体框架、升降机构、自动控制系统。(2)功能分析可对车辆起到支撑、保护、传输、自动存取的作用。此种车库不设换向机构，不具有换向功能。(3)优点该种设计方案，将车库的出入口独立设置，可以保证车辆的驶入方向和驶出方向一致，避免了车辆的调头工作，减少了存取车的等待时间。(4)缺点该种设计方案，由于每个车位内只能容纳一辆车，整个车库的容量不会很大。如果想增加容量，则必须将车库加高，但是势必会对周围的建筑物产生影响。车库出入口独立，不配备换向设备，则必须在车库出口前面留有足够的空间给车辆行驶，这样就增加了车库的附属建筑面积。车库具有两个口，增加了车库控制系统的设计与编制难度，增加了控制设备。对于内部建筑面积紧张的小区来说，这种设计方案并不是一个最优秀的方案。2.1.2 方案二：出入口混合无换向的垂直升降式立体车库出入口混合无换向垂直升降式立体车库，就是车库只有一个口，既作为入口，也作为出口。车库没有换向机构，车辆自己进行调头，车库的每个载车板面只能容纳一辆车。(1)系统构成：整体框架、升降机构、自动控制系统。(2)功能分析可对车辆起到支撑、保护、传输、自动存取的作用。此种车库不设换向机构，不具有换向功能。（3）优点该种设计方案，不配备换向机构，减少了车库的设计难度，建造费用和复杂程度。由于只有一个车库口，该车库适合于建设在小的边缘处，不会对小区内的住宅楼产生过多的遮挡或者噪声等影响，只具有一个车库口，同时也减少了车库控制系统的设计与编制难度，减少了控制设备。（4）缺点该种设计方案，由于只有一个车库口，在存取车辆高峰时会增加车辆的等待时间和存取时间。由于不配备换向设备，则必须在车库口前面留有足够的空间给车辆进行调头，这样就增加了车库的附属建筑面积。该种方案比较适合内部建筑面积宽松的小区。2.1.3 方案三：出入口混合带换向的垂直升降式立体车库出入口混合带换向垂直升降式立体车库，就是车库只有一个口，既作为入口，也作为出口。车库具有换向机构，车辆驶出车库时在换向机构上换向驶离车库。车库的每个车架里面只能容纳一辆车。(1)系统构成：整体框架、升降机构、换向机构、自动控制系统(2)功能分析可对车辆起到支撑、保护、传输、自动存取的作用。此种车库设有换向机构，具有换向功能。(3)优点车库具有换向机构，则车库口不用预留出车辆调头的空间，可以相应的减少车库的附属建筑面积。由于只有一个车库口，该车库适合于建设在小区的边缘处，不会对小区内的住宅楼产生过多的噪声等影响，同时也减少了车库控制系统的设计与编制难度，减少了控制设备。故该种方案非常适合建筑在内部建筑面积比较紧张的小区内。(4)缺点该种设计方案，虽然功能较多，但由于只有一个出入口，在存取车辆高峰时车辆的等待时间和存取时间会有所增加，并且会造成秩序混乱。由于设计了换向机构，在一定程度上增加了车库的设计难度与建筑成本。2.2 立体车库总体方案系统分析通过综合分析上述三种方案，从占地面积以及建筑成本考虑，出入口混合无换向垂直升降式的立体车库最适合大部分城市住宅小区，因此确定为本设计的总体方案。本文所设计的垂直升降式立体车库适用的车型为中小型轿车。占用空间小，操作方便，安全性能好，可广泛用于住宅小区及停车场。其设计参数如下:所停放车辆总长5.2m，总宽2.0m ，总高1.9m 。对总体功能进行分析，可知升降功能、支承功能可由机械系统来实现，如升降机构实现升降功能，而控制功能要由自动控制系统来实现。采用交流双速电动机作为主拖动系统和可编程控制器PLC实现控制系统。系统功能结构图如图2-1所示。动力提供升降功能传动定位存放中小型轿车控制管理控制功能支承安保储存支承功能保护图2-1功能结构框图3请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel a