商业楼宇外文翻译.doc

Commercial BuildingsAbstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings” as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Todays commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion4) Reliability and continuity 5) Safety of personnel and property 6) Initial and maintained cost 7) Operation and maintenance 8) Fault current and system coordination 9) Power sources 10) Distribution systems 11) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems 12) Energy conservation, demand, and control 13) Conformance with regulatory requirements 14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements, altitude, sound levels, security, exposure to physical elements, fire hazards, hazardous locations, and power conditioning and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems1.10 Safety Safety of life and preservation of property are two of the most important factors in the design of the electric system. This is especially true in commercial buildings because of public occupancy, thoroughfare, and high occupancy density. In many commercial buildings, the systems operating staff have very limited technical capabilities and may not have any specific electrical training. Various codes provide rules and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than outlined in the codes according to his or her best judgment, while also giving consideration to utilization and economics. Personnel safety may be divided into two categories: 1) Safety for maintenance and operating personnel 2) Safety for the general public Safety for maintenance and operating personnel is achieved through the proper design and selection of equipment with regard to enclosures, key-interlocking, circuit breaker and fuse-interrupting capacity, the use of high-speed fault detection and circuit-opening devices, clearances, grounding methods, and identification of equipment. Safety for the general public requires that all circuit-making and circuit-breaking equipment, as well as other electrical apparatus, be isolated from casual contact. This is achieved by using dead-front equipment, locked rooms and enclosures, proper grounding, limiting of fault levels, installation of barriers and other isolation (including special ventilating grills), proper clearances, adequate insulation, and similar provisions outlined in this recommended practice. Circuit protection is a fundamental safety requirement of all electric systems. Adequate interrupting capacities are required in services, feeders, and branch circuits. Selective, automatic isolation of faulted circuits represents good engineering practice. Fault protection, which is covered in Chapter 9, should be designed and coordinated throughout the system. Physical protection of equipment from damage or tampering, and exposure of unprotected equipment to electrical, chemical, and mechanical damage is necessary.1.12 Design Considerations Electrical equipment usually occupies a relatively small percentage of total building space, and, in design, it may be easier to relocate electrical service areas than mechanical areas or structuralelements. Allocation of space for electrical areas is often given secondary consideration by architectural and related specialties. In the competing search for space, the electrical engineer is responsible for fulfilling the requirements for a proper electrical installation while at the same time recognizing the flexibility of electric systems in terms of layout and placement. Architectural considerations and appearances are of paramount importance in determining the marketability of a building. Aesthetic considerations may play an important role in the selection of equipment, especially lighting equipment. Provided that the dictates of good practice, code requirements, and environmental considerations are not violated, the electrical engineer may have to negotiate design criteria to accommodate the desires of other members of the design team. 1.12.1 Coordination of Design The electrical engineer is concerned with professional associates such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, the structural engineer, and, where underground services are involved, the civil engineer. They must also be concerned with the builder and the building owner or operator who, as clients, may take an active interest in the design. More often, the electrical engineer will work directly with the coordinator of overall design activities, usually the architect, or the project manager; and must cooperate with the safety engineer, fire protection engineer, perhaps the environmental enginner, and a host of other concerned people, such as space planners and interior decorators, all of whom have a say in the ultimate design. The electrical designer must become familiar with local rules and know the authorities having jurisdiction over the design and construction. It can be inconvenient and embarrassing to have an electrical project held up at the last moment because proper permits have not been obtained, for example, a permit for a street closing to allow installation of utilities to the site or an environmental permit for an on-site generator. Local contractors are usually familiar with local ordinances and union work rules and can be of great help in avoiding pitfalls. In performing electrical design, it is essential, at the outset, to prepare a checklist of all the design stages that have to be considered. Major items include temporary power, access to the site, and review by others. Certain electrical work may appear in nonelectrical sections of the specifications. For example, the furnishing and connecting of electric motors and motor controllers may be covered in the mechanical section of the specifications. For administrative control purposes, the electrical work may be divided into a number of contracts, some of which may be under the control of a general contractor and some of which may be awarded to electrical contractors. Among items with which the designer will be concerned are: preliminary cost estimates, final cost estimates, plans or drawings, technical specifications (which are the written presentation of the work), materials, manuals, factory inspections, laboratory tests, and temporary power. The designer may also be involved in providing information on electrical considerations that affect financial justification of the project in terms of owning and operating costs, amortization, return on investment, and related items. Many electrical designs follow the concept of competitiveness in the commercial sense. Here, cost is a primary consideration, and such designs tend toward minimum code requirements. There is great pressure on the designer to consider cost above maintainability and long life. However, the experienced designer can usually adopt effective compromises. 1.12.2 Flexibility Flexibility of the electric system means the adaptability to development and expansion as well as to changes to meet varied requirements during the life of the building. Often a designer is faced with providing utilities where the loads may be unknown. For example, many office buildings are constructed with the tenant space designs incomplete. In some cases, the designer will provide only the core utilities available for connection by others to serve the working areas. In other cases, the designer may lay out only the basic systems and, as tenant requirements are developed, fill in the details. Often the tenant provides all of his or her own working space designs. Because it is usually difficult and costly to increase the capacity of risers and feeders, it is important that provisions for sufficient capacity be provided initially. Extra conductors or raceway space should be included in the design stage if additional loads may be added later. This consideration is particularly important for commercial buildings with the increasing use of electronic equipment and air conditioning. The cost and difficulties in obtaining space for new feeders and larger switchgear, which would be required when modernizing or expanding a building, may well be considered in the initial design. A load growth margin of 50% applied to the installed capacity of the major feeders is often justified where expansion is anticipated. Each project deserves careful consideration of the proper load growth margin to be allowed. Flexibility in an electric wiring system is enhanced by the use of oversize or spare raceways, cables, busways, and equipment. The cost of making such provisions is usually relatively small in the initial installation. Empty riser shafts and holes through floors may be provided at relatively low cost for future work. Consideration should be given to the provision of satellite electric closets initially for future expansion. Openings through floors should be filled in with fireproof, easily removed materials to prevent the spread of fire and smoke between floors. For computer rooms and the like, flexibility is frequently provided by raised floors made of removable panels, providing access to a wiring space between the raised floor and the slab below.商业楼宇摘要：提供商业楼宇电气设计指南和一般参考。它涵盖了负荷特性;电压考虑电源和配电设备;控制器;服务，拱顶，电气设备室;布线系统;系统的保护和协调;照明;空间电空调，运输，通信系统的规划，设备自动化;扩张，现代化建设和康复;所占用的特殊要求;和电能管理。虽然面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有限，它可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程师的援助。这个建议的做法是不打算成为一个完整的手册，但是，它可以直接工程师到文本，期刊和商业楼宇的引用，并作为行动指南，通过无数的法规，标准和做法，由IEEE出版，其他专业协会和政府机构。关键词：商业大厦，电力系统，负荷特性介绍1.1范围：此建议的做法可能会成为最大的价值面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有限。它也可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程师的援助。但是，它不打算应用许多优秀的工程技术文本和常用手册，也不是不足够的详细设计手册。它应被视为对商业楼宇的电气设计指南和一般参考。1.2商业楼宇“商业，住宅，建筑物和体制”作为本章，包括工业建筑和私人住宅以外的所有建筑物。它包括办公和公寓楼，宾馆，学校，教堂，海洋，航空，铁路，巴士站，百货公司，零售商店，政府大楼，医院，养老院，精神和惩教机构，影剧院，体育场馆，以及其他直接服务市民的建筑物。建筑物或部分建筑物内的工业园区，这是作为办公室或医疗设施或类似的非工业用途使用，属于这个建议的做法的范围。今天的商业楼宇，因为他们的规模日益扩大和复杂性，已成为越来越多后，充足和可靠的电力系统的依赖。可以更好地理解现代商业建筑的复杂性，由检查系统，设备和1.2.中所列的设施。1.3电气设计元素尽管在各种各样的商业，住宅和机构的建筑物，一些电气设计元素共同所有。下面列出的这些元素，将在这一节中详细讨论一般在此建议的做法，其余部分的动力，照明和辅助系统的设计中考虑的主要设计元素包括：1）大小，质量，特点，需求，巧合还是载荷和载荷因素的多样性2）服务，分配和利用电压和电压调节3）灵活性和扩展的规定4）可靠性和连续性5）人员和财产的安全6）初始和维持费用7）操作和维修8）故障电流和系统的协调9）动力源10）配电系统11）法律规定的和可选的待机/应急电源系统12）节约能源，需求和控制13）符合法规要求14）相关的网站的特别要求：抗震要求，高度，声级，安全性，接触物理元素，火灾隐患，危险地段，功率调节，不间断电源（UPS）系统1.4安全生命和财产保全的安全性在电力系统的设计，最重要的因素有两个。因为市民入住，通途，都会占用密度高的商业大厦。在很多商业楼宇，系统操作人员的技术能力非常有限，可能不会有任何具体的电力方面的培训。各种规则提供最低保障的生命和财产的规则和规例。电气设计工程师往往会提供大于规则，根据他或她的做出最好的判断，同时也考虑到利用和经济保障。人员的安全，可分为两类：1）为维护和操作人员的安全2）为广大市民的安全。维护和操作人员的安全是通过适当的设计和设备选型方面来完成，钥匙环环相扣，断路器和熔断器分断能力，使用高速的故障检测和电路开启装置，间隙，接地方法和设备识别。为广大市民的安全要求，所有的电路决策和破电路设备，以及其他电气设备。这是通过使用前端设备，控制和机柜，正确的接地，故障水平的限制，安装的障碍和其他隔离（包括特殊的通风格栅），适当的间隙，足够的绝缘，类似的规定，在此建议的做法概述。短路保护是所有电力系统的基本安全要求。服务，馈线和分支电路，需要足够的打断能力。选择性，电路故障自动隔离，表示良好的工程实践。故障保护，这是第9章中所涵盖的，应设计和整个系统的协调。物理设备损坏或篡改，和暴露未受保护的设备，电气，化工，机械损伤保护是必要的。1.5设计注意事项电气设备通常占有总建筑空间的比例相对较小，在设计上，它可能是更容易比电气机械领域或结构元素服务领域发生改变。电气领域的分配空间常常给建筑和相关专业的审议。在空间业用途使用，属于这个建议的做法的范围。今天的商业楼宇，因为他们的规模日益扩大和复杂性，已成为越来越多后，充足和可靠的电力系统的依赖。可以更好地理解现代商业建筑的复杂性，由检查系统，设备和1.2.中所列的设施。1.3电气设计元素尽管在各种各样的商业，住宅和机构的建筑物，一些电气设计元素共同所有。下面列出的这些元素，将在这一节中详细讨论一般在此建议的做法，其余部分的动力，照明和辅助系统的设计中考虑的主要设计元素包括：1）大小，质量，特点，需求，巧合还是载荷和载荷因素的多样性2）服务，分配和利用电压和电压调节3）灵活性和扩展的规定4）可靠性和连续性5）人员和财产的安全6）初始和维持费用7）操作和维修8）故障电流和系统的协调9）动力源10）配电系统11）法律规定的和可选的待机/应急电源系统12）节约能源，需求和控制13）符合法规要求14）相关的网站的特别要求：抗震要求，高度，声级，安全性，接触物理元素，火灾隐患，危险地段，功率调节，不间断电源（UPS）系统1.4安全生命和财产保全的安全性在电力系统的设计，最重要的因素有两个。因为市民入住，通途，都会占用密度高的商业大厦。在很多商业楼宇，系统操作人员的技术能力非常有限，可能不会有任何具体的电力方面的培训。各种规则提供最低保障的生命和财产的规则和规例。电气设计工程师往往会提供大于规则，根据他或她的做出最好的判断，同时也考虑到利用和经济保障。人员的安全，可分为两类：1）为维护和操作人员的安全2）为广大市民的安全维护和操作人员的安全是通过适当的设计和设备选型方面来完成，钥匙环环相扣，断路器和熔断器分断能力，使用高速的故障检测和电路开启装置，间隙，接地方法和设备识别。为广大市民的安全要求，所有的电路决策和破电路设备，以及其他电气设备。这是通过使用前端设备，控制和机柜，正确的接地，故障水平的限制，安装的障碍和其他隔离（包括特殊的通风格栅），适当的间隙，足够的绝缘，类似的规定，在此建议的做法概述。短路保护是所有电力系统的基本安全要求。服务，馈线和分支电路，需要足够的打断能力。选择性，电路故障自动隔离，表示良好的工程实践。故障保护，这是第9章中所涵盖的，应设计和整个系统的协调。物理设备损坏或篡改，和暴露未受保护的设备，电气，化工，机械损伤保护是必要的。1.5设计注意事项电气设备通常占有总建筑空间的比例相对较小，在设计上，它可能是更容易比电气机械领域或结构元素服务领域发生改变。电气领域的分配空间常常给建筑和相关专业的审议。在空间竞争的搜索，电气工程师是负责履行适当的电气安装的要求，而同时保证在布局和安置方面的电力系统的灵活性。商业建筑考虑的是在确定建筑物至关重要。美观的考虑可能会在设备选型中发挥了重要作用，尤其是照明设备。电气工程师提供好的做法，规范的要求，和环境因素使然不受侵犯，可能有谈判的设计标准，以适应设计团队的其他成员的愿望。1.6设计的协调有关专业的联营公司，如建筑师，机械工程师，结构工程师，其中涉及地下服务，土木工程师，电气工程师。他们还必须关注的建设者和建筑物的业主或经营者，作为客户，可采取积极关注在设计。更多的时候，电气工程师将直接与整体设计活动，通常是建筑师，项目经理的协调;必须配合安全工程师，消防工程师，也许是环境编译引擎，以及其他有关人士的主机如空间规划者和室内装饰，所有的人有发言权，在最终的设计。电气设计师必须熟悉当地的规则，知道在设计和建设有管辖权的机关。例如，它可以有一个电力项目，在最后时刻举行的不便和尴尬，因为没有获得适当的许可，为街道收的许可证，允许安装公用事业上的网站或环境许可证网站发生器。当地承包商通常是熟悉当地法令和工会工作规则和避免陷阱是可以有很大的帮助。执行电气设计中，它是必不可少的，在开始时，准备了所有的设计阶段，必须考虑到的清单。主要项目包括临时用电，访问该网站，并检讨别人。某些电器的工作中可能出现的非电气部分的规格。例如，家具和电动马达和马达控制器连接，可覆盖在规格的机械部分。行政控制的目的，电气工程，可划分成若干合同，其中一些可能是总承包商的控制下，其中一些可能会被授予电业承办商。在与设计师将关注的项目是：初步成本预算，最终成本估计，计划或图纸，技术规范（这是工作的书面陈述），材料，手册，工厂检查，化验，临时用电。设计师也可以参与提供信息电气考虑拥有和经营成本，摊销，投资回报率，以及相关的项目，影响项目的财务理由。1.6灵活性灵活性意味着电力系统的发展和壮大，以及变化的适应性，以满足不同的要求，在建筑物的使用寿命。往往是一个设计师正面临着可能是未知的负载提供公用事业。例如，许多办公楼的建造与租户的空间设计不完整。在某些情况下，设计师将提供只有别人的核心工具，用于连接提供服务的工作领域。在其他情况下，设计师可能会奠定了基本制度，并作为租户需求的开发，填补细节。通常情况下，提供所有他或她自己的工作空间设计。因为通常是要增加竖管和馈线的能力，最初将提供足够的能力的规定。应包括额外的导线或滚道的空间，在设计阶段后可能会增加额外负荷。这方面的考虑，尤其重要的是越来越多地使用电子设备和空调的商业建筑。取得新的馈线和较大的开关，这将需要现代化或扩大建设时，空间很可能被认为是在最初的设计。应用的主要馈线装机容量的50的负荷增长幅度预计扩张，这往往是有道理。每个项目都值得仔细考虑适当的负载允许的增长幅度。特大型或备用水道，电缆，母线槽，和设备的使用电布线系统的灵活性增强。作出这些规定的成本通常是在初始安装相对较小。空间轴和孔，通过地板可为今后的工作在相对较低的成本。应考虑到最初为将来的扩展提供卫星电视壁橱。通过地板的开口应与防火填充材料，以防止火灾和烟雾楼层之间的传播。电脑室和灵活性，经常提供可拆卸面板的活动地板，高架地板下面板坯之间的布线空间提供接入。文献、资料来源：Special English for Architectural Electric Engineering and AutomationConstruction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000, was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institutes Construc-tion 2000 Task Force- The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following,The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.Financing options; the role of privatization, build-own-transfer projects, and the nature of project financing in future markets,Management, organization, and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineer