《最实用的语法》word版.docx

Handbook of Grammar语法手册 CatalogueUnit 1 Tense and Voice3Unit 2 Structure4Lesson 1 句子成分4Lesson 2 Nominal Clause6Subjective Clause6Objective Clause8Predicative Clause8Appositive Clause9Lesson 3 Attributive clause11Lesson 4 Adverbial clause15一、时间状语从句15二、地点状语从句17三、原因状语从句17四、目的状语从句19五、结果状语从句19六、条件状语从句20七、让步状语从句22八、比较状语从句24九、方式状语从句27Unit 3 Nonfinite Verb28Lesson 1 Gerund29Lesson 2 Infinitive37Lesson 3 Participle47分词作定语47分词作状语51Unit 4 句子的特殊现象55Lesson 1 Subjunctive Mood55Lesson 2 倒 装59Unit 1 Tense and Voice时态和语态TenseTenseAspectPresent（现在）Past（过去）Future（将来）Past future（过去将来）Simple（一般）Continuous（进行）Perfect（完成）Perfect continuous（完成进行）VoiceTenseTTenseAspectAspectPresent（现在）Past（过去）Future（将来）Past future（过去将来）Simple（一般）Continuous（进行）Perfect（完成）Perfect continuous（完成进行）Unit 2 StructureLesson 1 句子成分英语中的五种基本句型1. S + V2. S + V + O3. S + V + C4. S + V + IO + DO5. S + V + O + C例：1. He died.2. I love you.3. The dream has come true.4. He showed his passport to the guard.5. A hedge between keeps friendship green.知识点：1. S = Subject V = Verb O = Object IO= Indirect Object DO = Direct Object C = Complement2. 动词分为: 及物动词(vt. 即 transitive verb)、不及物动词 (vi. 即 intransitive verb) 和 联系动词(linking verb)3. 系动词的几类单纯表示主语的特征、状态的feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appearThe rose doesnt smell much.表示主语又一种状态转变为另一种状态become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come1) Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short.我们的糖、米供应不足。2) The jokes fell flat.玩笑毫无效果。3) I have got to return the book this afternoon; it falls overdue.我们今天下午得还书，已经过期一周了。4) fall due到期5) fall asleep睡着6) go hungry饿了，挨饿7) go mad变疯了8) go bad 坏掉了9) go crazy 变得疯狂10) go sour 变酸11) go wrong 出错了12) Hope your dream will come true.祝你好梦成真表示主语保持某种状态的continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove1) The weather continue fine for several days.天气连续几天都很晴朗。2) He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.为了保持健康，他已经养成了晨练的习惯。3) If you dont stay busy, you die. I dont want to die right now.如果你不辛勤忙碌，就等于死亡，我可不想现在就死去。4) He held silent for the whole day.他一整天都沉默不语5) You may rest assured that he will come to the party.尽管放心，他回来参加聚会的。4. 双宾语动词1) assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take, write.2) book, buy, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, prepare, sing3) charge, cost, betl Ill bet you ten dollars.l The repairman charged me ten dollars.5. 复合宾语动词appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose, vote.l They appointed John chairman.l You leave the door open.l The chairman declared the meeting over.l I believe him to be true.Lesson 2 Nominal Clause（名词性从句）名词性从句的引导词连词that连词whether, if连接代词 who, whom, what, which, whose连接副词 when, where, why, howSubjective Clause主语从句It is beyond dispute that the plates are moving.It is an undoubted fact that English is very important.It is obvious that he doesnt understand English. It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.常见主语从句句型：It is + Past Participle + that clause（据报道）（人们普遍认为）（现已发现）（人们相信）（应当注意）（必须指出）Its reported that It is generally thought thatIt has been found thatIts believed thatIt should be noted thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is + adjective + that clause（显然）（很可能）（可以相信）（幸运的是）（很可能）（很自然）（奇怪的是）（有必要）（很可能）It is clear thatIt is likely thatIt is certain thatIt is fortunate that.It is possible thatIt is nature thatIt is strange thatIt is necessary thatIt is true that English has becoming an international language.It is + nominal phrase + that clause（可惜的是）（.真是太好了）（难怪）（真荣幸）（我相信）（事实是）（.真是件好事）（遗憾的是；真是太不像话了）（是常识）（是奇迹）It is a pity thatIt is good news thatIt is no wonder thatIt is an honor thatIt is my belief thatIt is a fact thatIt is a good thing thatIt is a shame thatIt is common knowledge thatIt is a miracle thatIt is a shame that you didnt pass the test.It is common knowledge that a flash of lightening is seen before a clap of thunder is heard.一般疑问句做主语Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. 特殊疑问句作主语What we need is wholly new kind of police force.What he told you is true.When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.September 11, 2001 started out as an ordinary day, but what happened that morning will be forever etched in our memories.Objective Clause宾语从句We know (that) the world is round.I think (that) a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.Ive learned that love, not time, heals all wounds. Ive learned that everyone you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile. Ive learned that theres nothing sweeter than sleeping with your babies and feeling their breath on your cheeks. 我明白了，是爱，而不是时间能治愈一切创伤。我明白了，你遇到的每一个人都值得你以笑脸相迎。我明白了，世间最美好的事莫过于你睡在孩子身边，感受着他们飘散在你脸庞上的呼吸。一般疑问句做宾语I dont know if/whether he needs my help.No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise.特殊疑问句作宾语I have not decided whom I should vote for.No one knows exactly how speech began.Could you tell me where the post office is?We dont know why he didnt come yesterday.They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.You should vote for which candidate you assume best.Predicative Clause表语从句My idea is that the child should be sent to school.一般疑问句做表语My concern is whether he comes or not.特殊疑问句作表语Money is what we are badly in need of.The point is when you will become rich.This is where our basic interest lies. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That is why it is called the present!Change is what keeps fresh and innovative. Change is what keeps us from getting stable. Change is what keeps us young.唯有变革才能使我们保持思维敏锐，富有创造性。唯有变革才能防止我们思想僵化。唯有变革才能使我们永葆青春。Appositive Clause同位语从句He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.I have been left with the knowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.一般疑问句做同位语They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.特殊疑问句作同位语They arose the question where we could get the loanThe question who should go abroad in this business tour requires consideration.I have no idea when he will return.Lesson 3 Attributive clause定语从句定语从句的引导词relative pronoun （关系代词） who, whom, which, that, whoserelative adverb （关系副词） where, when, whyrelative pronoun as subject Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments.He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, strong, rich, or wise.There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.A rich person is not one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.I like guys who arent too serous and who have a good sense of humor.Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. Only the people who have the patience to do simple things perfectly will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily. I know a friend whose brother is a pop singer.The children sit in a schoolroom whose windows are all broken.When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses.Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind.relative pronoun as object of verbI d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.Its hard to have a friend who you can trust completely.He is the best dancer who I have ever seen.He is the student who the teacher likes to praise for his hard work. It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at the time.Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not.“不惜已获，贪求不得”是人类的共同弱点吧。Too many people spend money which (that) they havent earned, to buy things which ( that ) they dont want, to impress people who ( that ) they dont like.A friend is a present which you give yourself. To be a good friend or partner, its important to be a good listener.relative pronoun as object of prepositionI m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.I hope I never have a boss who I cant talk to about my problems.I like the people who I work with.I d prefer someone who I have something in common with, who I can talk to easily.Atlas (in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulder the world rested.The girl with whom you work is his girl friend.He is the man on whom I think you can depend. The buzzard can watch (high in the sky) the ground for signs of the waste and the dead animals on which it feeds.It was lucky again, according to Nina, that bought her the role in Mute Wife for which she is best known. relative adverb when, where, whyI will never forget the day when I met you.The day when we stop learning is the day when we die. We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busyThis is the town where I spent my childhood.This is the reason why I didnt come here. 定语从句关系词必须用that的情况1、当先行词中同时出现“人”和“物”时，用thatThe writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.2、先行词为指“物”的all, little, few, much, none和the first时，用that All that glitters is not gold. This book contains little that is useful. There is not much that can be done. As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome.3、先行词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, 和everything时， 一般用that. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh.4、 先行词被any, only, all, every, no ,some, much few ,little,序数词，形容词的最高级，the only, the one, the very, the right, 和the last 等成分修饰时， 用that Tell us all things that you know.There is no difficulty that they cant overcome.The only thing that we should do is find our way home.The very problem that I want to solve is like this.He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.Lesson 4 Adverbial clause状语从句状语从句的引导词状语从句的种类常用连接词特殊连接词一、时间状语从句when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as,1. 一些表示时间的名词： the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when二、地点状语从句whereWherever, anywhere, everywhere三、原因状语从句because, as, for, sinceseeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as四、目的状语从句so that, in order that, thatlest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that五、结果状语从句so that, so that, suchthatsuch that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that六、条件状语从句if, unlesssuppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, so long as, as long as七、让步状语从句although, though, even, though, even ifwhile（一般用于句首）， as（用于倒装结构）wh-ever. whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, whetheroras adj. as + 主谓结构用在句首八、比较状语从句as, than其他比较句型：the more the more; just as, so; A is to B what/as C is to D; no morethan; not A so much as B/ not so much A as 九、方式状语从句as, the way一、时间状语从句When PK WhileI was walking along the road _ suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.A. immediately B. when C. the moment D whileWhenever you say “I love you”, mean it. Whenever you say “Im sorry”, look the person right in the eye.无论何时说“我爱你”, 请真心实意。无论何时说“对不起”，请看这对方的眼睛。AsThe arrow fell into the river as the boat was drifting on the water. The soldier tried to retrieve it._ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.A. For B. Because C. As D. Since正当一些工业巨头， 像通用汽车公司和IBM公司，都在试图通过裁员来谋求生之时，总部设在威斯康星州密尔沃基市的劳务公司Manpower却日渐兴旺发展起来As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.随着因特网变得日益商业化，网络的广泛使用对商人们非常有利，因为毕竟上网的人越多，潜在的客户就会越多。BeforeIt took a few months of investigation before it become clear.在多长时间之后才经过了几个月的调查之后，情况才开始变得明朗。AfterI moved to America after I had learned English for ten years.UntilI will leave my office and will only be back next Tuesday.I will leave my office until next Tuesday.I will be away from my office until next Tuesday.We will stay here until it stops raining.He didnt leave the office until his boss came back.One will never realize how much and how little he knows until he starts talking.SinceI have worked in this company since I graduated.As soon asThe doorbell rang as soon as we began having dinner.ImmediatelyThe doorbell rang immediately we began having dinner.The momentA fair-weather friend is like a banker who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and takes it back the minutes it rains. How much luckier we are and how much more happiness we experience, if we can fall in love with the life were living. Happiness is a choice. Reach out for it the moment it appears.如果我们能珍惜当下的生活，我们就会觉得自己更加幸运，就会感受到更多的幸福。幸福是一种选择，一旦出现，你要用心拥抱它。Every timeEvery time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.In the classic childrens tale, the puppet Pinocchios nose grows longer every time he tells a lie.No sooner thanNo sooner had I started to type my paper than the telephone rang.Hardly had I got into the shower when the phone rang.二、地点状语从句Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success！Everywhere they appeared, they were ovation.三、原因状语从句BecausePerhaps because most of todays cross-cultural marriages occur because of “true love”, these couples work hard to overcome their difference.可能因为现在大多数跨国婚姻都基于“真爱”，所以夫妻俩都很努力地客服双方之间的差异。SinceSince you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.AsAs Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed.ForIt rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.Due to, owing to, because ofWe had an accident because he was careless.We had an accident due to his carelessness.Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.In thatEnglish has an advantage over most of the other languages in that it has become, so to speak, an international language.E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second.Seeing thatSeeing that its raining hard, well have to stay here for the night.Considering thatThey did the job very well, considering that they had no experience.Given thatGiven that they are inexperienced, theyve done a good job.Now thatNow that the semester is finished, Im going to rest a few days and then take a trip.InasmuchInasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.Because的否定转移You dont love a woman because she is beautiful.译：Dont cry because it is over, but smile because it happened.译：I wouldnt quit my job because maybe I could get a better one. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.四、目的状语从句So that/in order thatI spoke slowly and clearly so that/in order that the audience could understand me.They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should remember what they had done.LestTake a umbrella with you lest it should rain.For fear thatPeople evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.On purpose thatThe teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could bear more clearly.五、结果状语从句Sothat PK suchthatThe food is so bad in the school cafeteria that flies go there to lose weight.The house is so expensive that I cant afford to buy it.This is so expensive a house that I cant afford to buy it.This is such an expensive house that I cant afford to buy it.He is so patient a teacher that every one of us like