3-08地理资源环境英语14、15、20单元.doc

Unit 14 Solid Waste Disposal1.1 New words:1hazardous waste: 有害废物4. handling characteristics: 使用特性2. prior to: 在之前；posterior to5. inoffensive: 无害的，没有恶意的；offensive3. render: 使变得6. inherent: 固有的，内在的1.2 Question: What does this paragraph tell us? How many advantages of waste treatment and processing according to the passage?2.1 New words: 1. furnace: 炉子3. particulate: （名、形）粒子particle2. incinerate: 焚烧4. maintenance: 维护2.2 Question: 1) What does the incineration mean? 2) What does the paragraph 2 tell us?3-4-5.1 New words:1. overweight: 在重量上超过，胜过6. MSW: municipal solid waste2. refuse: 垃圾；garbage, rubbish, trash, waste dust7. perspective: 观点，前景3. haul: 拖，拉8. auxiliary: 辅助的，补充的4.feasible: 容易的9. plain: 简单的，平的5. recover: 回收；recoverable: 3-4-5.2 Questions: 1) Why incineration is a good choice for solid waste disposal in densely populated cities? 2) What are the advantages and the disadvantages of incineration with heat recovery? Why both incinerations with and without heat recovery are more attractive?6.1 New words:1. thermal-chemical conversion: 热化学转化4. conventional: 传统的，惯例的2. pyrolysis: 热解作用；pyro- 火，热，焦pyrolith: 火成岩；pyroelectricity: 热电现象5. endothermic: 吸热的；exothermic:3.destructive distillation: 分解蒸馏6. oxidation: 氧化作用； deoxidation, reduction: 还原作用6.2 Question: What is the difference between the pyrolysis and incineration according to the para.6?7.1 New words:1.combustion: 燃烧3 By-product: 2. burner: 燃烧炉，烧火的人，燃烧物4. Self-sustaining: 自我维持的7.2 Question: What are the conditions of pyrolysis? Do you think the pyrolysis is a process of combustion? Why?8.1 New words:1. convert: 转化4. methanol: 甲醇；ethanol，ethane2. substantially: 实际上，大大地5.charcoal: 木炭3.component: 成分；composition 8.2 Please describe the advantages of pyrolysis. 9.1 New words: vary:变化；pose: 造成，提出9.2 Why the pyrolysis is an effective solid waste management method? Homework: Answering the following questions according to the part B of Unit 12.1. Why the levels of hospitalization for respiratory and cardiac problems increased?2. What gap did Dr Thomas Frischer want to overcome?3. What sites were excluded by the researchers for their study?4. When was the childs respiratory function examined for Frischer study?5. When was the level of particles higher? What about ozone?6. What are the two key parameters used to measure lung function growth in children?7. What should the government do based on the results of Dr. Thomas Frischers experiment?1. Why the levels of hospitalization for respiratory and cardiac problems increased?Because of the are pollution, particularly, the solid particles emitted by diesel engines and domestic heating.2. What gap did Dr Thomas Frischer want to overcome?The impact of such pollution on childrens lung growth and thus, indirectly on their future lung function.3. What sites were excluded by the researchers for their study?Industrial sites and those next to very busy roads were excluded, as were those for which the data on solid particle levels were lacking.4. When was the childs respiratory function examined for Frischer study?In spring and early autumn.5. When were the levels of particles higher?In winter.6. What are the two key parameters used to measure lung function growth in children? Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and mid expiratory flow (MEF)7. What should the government do based on the results of Dr. Thomas Frischers experiment? To take more interest in the chronic as well as the short term effects of are pollution. And regulations need to be developed specifically to limit solid particle exposure.Unit 15 Biological Treatment System1.1 New words:1. rely on : 依靠9. process: 加工，处理2. culture: 文化，培养（物）10. aerator: 曝气器3. colloidal : 胶体的；dissolved ？11. initially: 起初4. chamber: 容器，室12. final clarifier: 最后沉淀池5. aerobic: 需氧的；anaerobic：厌养的 13. flocculate: （n.v.）絮凝（体）；floc6. inoculum: (细菌)培养液, 接种体14. mature: 成熟，完成7. protozoa: 原生动物15. anaerobe: 厌氧细菌，厌氧微生物8. retain: 保留，维持16. hasten: 促进，急忙补遗：173页到第9行：The slime layer on the surface of the media in a trickling filter is formed when waste water is spread to the filtering bed. 1.2 Questions: 1) Where are the desirable biological cultures from for treating the pollutants? 2) How to start up an anaerobic digester quickly? 3) What is the main idea of this paragraph?2.1 New words:1.toxin: 毒素4. Mesophilic: 中温的，（细菌）嗜温的；meso-中等的，thermophilic: 嗜热的2.photosynthetic: 光合的。Photosynthesis5. aeration: 通风，曝气3. optimum: 最适宜的（条件）2.2 What is the main idea of this paragraph?3.1 New words:1. phosphorus: 磷4. supplemental: = supplementary 补充的 2. exhibit: 显示，表现5. anhydrous: 无水的3. deficient: 不足的；sufficient ?3.2 Question:1) If the waste water doesnt contain sufficient nutrient, what should be done?2) What is the main idea of this paragraph?4.1 New words:1. metabolize: （使）发生代谢变化4. consequently: 因此2. respiration: 呼吸作用 5. seal: 密封3.satisfactory: 满意的6.floating: 移动的，不固定的4. criterion: 标准；criteria(复数)4.2 Question: 1)Why the digesters of anaerobic system must be sealed with covers2) What is the main idea of this paragraph?5.1 New words:1. inhibit: 抑制，禁止 3. symptom: 征候2. favored：受惠的；favor （名、动）喜爱，支持4. toxic: 有毒的5.2 Question: 1) Which has wide pH range? Aeration system or anaerobic digestion? 2) How to control the pH of digester?6.1 New words:1. inhibit: 防止，抑制5. adversely: 逆地，反对地 inversely ：相反地2. finish: 完成，加工，使毕业finishing: 精加工6. neutralize : 使中和，抵消3. nickel: 镍7. sewer: 下水道4. chromium: 铬 6.2 Question: What is the main idea of this paragraph?好氧生物处理 好氧生物处理是在有游离氧(分子氧)存在的条件下，好氧微生物降解有机物，使其稳定、无害化的处理方法。微生物利用废水中存在的有机污染物(以溶解状与胶体状的为主)，作为营养源进行好氧代谢。 过程:有机物被微生物摄取后，通过代谢活动，约有三分之一被分解、稳定，并提供其生理活动所需的能量；约有三分之二被转化，合成为新的原生质(细胞质)，即进行微生物自身生长繁殖。后者就是废水生物处理中的活性污泥或生物膜的增长部分，通常称其剩余活性污泥或生物膜，又称生物污泥。在废水生物处理过程中，生物污泥经固液分离后，需进行进一步处理和处置。 优点:好氧生物处理的反应速度较快，所需的反应时间较短，故处理构筑物容积较小。且处理过程中散发的臭气较少。所以，目前对中、低浓度的有机废水，或者说BOD浓度小于500mgL的有机废水，基本上采用好氧生物处理法。 在废水处理工程中，好氧生物处理法有活性污泥法和生物膜法两大类。 厌氧生物处理是在没有游离氧存在的条件下，兼性细菌与厌氧细菌降解和稳定有机物的生物处理方法。在厌氧生物处理过程中，复杂的有机化合物被降解、转化为简单的化合物，同时释放能量。在这个过程中，有机物的转化分为三部分进行：部分转化为CH4，这是一种可燃气体，可回收利用；还有部分被分解为 CO2、H20、NH3、H2S等无机物，并为细胞合成提供能量；少量有机物被转化、合成为新的原生质的组成部分。由于仅少量有机物用于合成，故相对于好氧生物处理法，其污泥增长率小得多。 废水厌氧生物处理 废水厌氧生物处理过程不需另加氧源，故运行费用低。此外，它还具有剩余污泥量少，可回收能量(CH4)等优点。其主要缺点是反应速度较慢，反应时间较长，处理构筑物容积大等。但通过对新型构筑物的研究开发，其容积可缩小。此外，为维持较高的反应速度，需维持较高的反应温度，就要消耗能源。 对于有机污泥和高浓度有机废水(一般B0052 000mg/L)可采用厌氧生物处理法。2）按来源不同分：初次沉淀污泥（也称生污泥或新鲜污泥）：来自初次沉淀池。剩余活性污泥（也称生污泥或新鲜污泥）：来自活性污泥法后的二次沉淀池。腐殖污泥（也称生污泥或新鲜污泥）：来自生物膜法后的二次沉淀池。消化污泥（也称熟污泥）：生污泥经厌氧消化或好氧消化处理后的污泥。化学污泥（也称化学沉渣）：用化学沉淀法处理污水后产生的沉淀物。例如，用混凝沉淀法去除污水中的磷；投加硫化物去除污水中的重金属离子；投加石灰中和酸性污水产生的沉渣以及酸、碱污水中和处理产生的沉渣等均称为化学污泥。Unit 20 Desertification1. 1 New words for the First part: Paragraph 1 to 41. interacting: 相互作用9. substrate: 地层2. surrounding: 周围的；surroundings: 周围，环境；surround: 围住，环绕10. percolation: 渗透3. contracting : 对照明显的11. intensify: 加剧4. fringe: 边缘12. initiate: 开始，引进5. fragile: 脆弱的13. mappable: 可绘制的6. delicately: 微妙的，敏感的14. erratically: 飘忽不定的，不规律的， 7. pound: 猛击，乱敲，用力踩15. barren: 荒芜的，不育的，无聊的8. hoof: 蹄子；hooves1.2 Questions: 1) Where does the desertification take place easily? 2) What is the result of human activity which puts pressure beyond the ecosystem tolerance in the marginal areas of deserts? 3) What is the main idea of this paragraph?2. 1 The new words for the second part: Problem : Paragraph 5 to 8. 1. livelihood : 生活，生计5. abuse: 滥用；abnormal 不正常的，变态的2. a