英语专业毕业论文写作指导1.ppt

英语专业毕业论文写作指导,一、毕业论文的基本要求 二、毕业论文的准备 三、英语毕业论文写作过程 四、毕业论文的语言要求 五、毕业论文的答辩,一、毕业论文的基本要求 1）毕业论文必须用英语撰写。语言正确规范，通顺合理。 2）毕业论文必须在指导老师的指导下按时独立完成。 3）毕业论文的篇幅不得少于5000单词。 4）毕业论文的写作必须坚持学术的诚实（academic honesty）,杜绝剽窃。,二、毕业论文的准备,（一）、毕业论文的选题 1、选题的基本原则 科学性原则、可行性原则 2、选题的要求和方法 兴趣、熟悉度、与教师的指导相结合,（二）、毕业论文的资料收集和使用 1、资料搜集的原则和方法 真实性原则；有效性原则；特殊性原则 途径：图书馆、网络 2、资料的使用 资料使用必须详略得当；资料要为论题服务；资料使用应当符合逻辑 3、拟定题目和提纲 什么是合适的题目,三、英语毕业论文的写作过程,一、毕业论文的组成 汉语封面英语封面-作者声明目录中文摘要英文摘要正文参考文献-致谢,1摘要的结构要素 论文标题应揭示研究的主题信息，而摘要则是读者的第一个信息来源，摘要应简要地描述论文的主题、研究的目的、研究的方法、主要研究发现、研究的结论和所带来的启示。摘要应具有前瞻性和预见性。 摘要一般应在主体毕业论文完成后才撰写。毕业论文摘要应有一个严格的结构。摘要应包括以下内容： 1）论文研究的主题/范围是什么？ 2）作者提供哪些背景信息？ 3）本研究的目的是什么？ 4）研究是如何进行的？ 5）有哪些主要研究发现？ 6）研究所带来的启示是什么？ 请阅读以下摘要（见tesol quarterly, 2002）：,speaking and writing in the university: a multidimensional comparison abstract-1 (1) the dozens of studies on academic discourse carried out over the past 20 years have mostly focused on written academic prose or on academic lecture. (2) other registers that may be more important for students adjusting to university life, such as textbooks, have received surprisingly little attention, and spoken registers such as study groups or on-campus service encounters have been virtually ignored. (3) to explain more fully the nature of the tasks that incoming international students encounter, this article undertake a comprehensive linguistic description of the range of spoken and written register at u. s. universities.,(4) specifically, the article describes a multidimensional analysis of register variation in the toefl 2000 spoken and written academic language corpus. (5) the analysis shows that spoken registers are fundamentally different from written ones in university contests, regardless of purpose. (6) some of the register characterizations are particularly surprising. (7) for example, classroom teaching was similar to conversational registers in many respects, and departmental brochures and web pages were as informationally dense as textbooks. (8) the article discusses the implications of theses findings for pedagogy and further research.,作者在第一、二句中提出了研究的主题（academic discourse）、论文关注的对象（textbooks、study groups和service encounters）和背景信息（dozens of studies over the past 20 years、other registers have received surprisingly little attention, have been virtually ignored.）；在第三句中，作者指出了研究的目的；第四句简要说明了研究的方法；第五句则是研究的发现，最后几句则是该研究发现为教学和对以后研究所带来的启示。 由此可见，摘要共有六个结构要素：主题阐述（topic specification, ts）、背景信息（background information, bi）、目的陈述（purpose statement, ps）、方法论和语料（methodology and data, md）、研究结果/发现（results/findings, rf）和研究所带来的启示/结论（implications/conclusions, ic）。,analysis of gone with the wind from the perspective of feminism,abstract as a great master in the modern literary world american female writer margaret mitchell gains a world-wide reputation merely on the strength of her singular work gone with the wind. as the first novel which depicts american civil war from womens perspective, margaret focuses on the sufferings from the war of those women who stay at home and their difficult journey of reconstruction. ever since its publication in 1936, gone with the wind has received extensive attention from literary world. literary critics, on the basis of their respective knowledge and understanding, have given different evaluations about this novel.,most of their researches concentrate on the historical background of american civil war, the abolitionist thought, scarletts particular characters and the cultural discrepancy between the north and the south. meanwhile many readers only treat this novel as a simple love story, fascinated by its intricate and moving narration yet neglecting its implicit ideological values. starting from the feministic perspective, this thesis will elaborate on womens social status and values a series of vivid female images and the relationship between nature and women, thereby to analyze the awakening of female self-consciousness reflected in this novel and its immense and positive effect on the cause of womens liberation. key words: gone with the wind women feminism eco-feminism,2摘要的语言信息 摘要乃是毕业论文整体中的一部分。摘要中到底应安排多少的信息量？毕业论文又该采用哪些类型的句子来传递这些信息呢？ 摘要是一个篇幅较短的语篇，可长可短。对英语毕业生而言，毕业论文的摘要一般在300-400词之间。摘要中的信息应精练，概括性强，绝不能累赘冗长。用最少的语言传达最多的信息，并保证语篇结构连贯完整。 摘要中往往省略具体的主语，代之以抽象的主语，如：the article discusses/describes/ analyzes 等。无论是学术论文还是毕业论文，切记：绝不要用第一人称写摘要，如：in this article i analyze/discuss/describe ，而应用第三人称等。,三、毕业论文的正文,1绪论（introduction） 绪论应说明研究这一课题的理由和意义。其核心是提出问题或者论点。还应对这一课题的历史研究进行回顾，并说明将要使用的研究方法。如论文较长，有必要对本论部分加以概括介绍，便于阅读理解。 1）毕业论文的绪论部分包括： （1）通过介绍研究课题的有关情况，引起读者的兴趣； （2）将讨论聚焦到某个问题层面上； （3）回顾相关的研究文献； （4）讨论以往相关研究的不足； （5）对某一课题或课题的某一方面提出新的、不同的研究方法。,2）绪论的结构要素 （1）引出研究课题 研究课题可通过提问、陈述或引用名人名言等方式引出。其目的是在于引发读者的兴趣。可以先提问，接着由作者自己作答，或提一个间接问题，再作答。如： what happens in the language classroom is intimately linked to social and political forces in the world at large, and the practitioners must not only be aware but also understand these links if they are to be fully effective in their work. （摘自opals 2000） 也可进行评价来归纳和概括。如： research on learner beliefs in the last two decades had given us interesting insights into what language learners view are concerning the teaching and learning of a second or foreign language. （摘自opals 2000） 通过对interesting insights的评价而对以往的语言学习者观念进行了概括。,（2）聚焦研究课题 在所有毕业论文研究中，聚焦或缩小课题范围是非常必要的。英语文学按时间可分为古代文学、现代文学、后现代文学等；按国别可分为英国文学、美国文学、加拿大文学和澳大利亚文学等；按文体可分为小说、散文和诗歌等等。对英语专业学生而言，如果写文学，首先应确定是英国文学还是美国文学，如是美国文学，那么再缩小范围，如美国20世纪文学，确定一个方面，研究某作家作品的人物性格还是语言特点，是研究其互文关系还是研究其作品的深层文化因素等，在绪论中，学生应以陈述研究的形式将讨论聚焦到研究的课题上。如： a. the purpose of this study is to investigate one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon, i. e. a reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts. （摘自opals 2000） b. the present study extends previous research in the following ways. firstly, secondly, finally （摘自opals 2000） a将论述的焦点是one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon。而b从三个方面去extends previous research。,（3）文献回顾 任何研究都是基于一个已存在的大量的研究资料和研究成果之上。如书籍、学术期刊杂志、论文集、光盘，甚至于网络等，任何研究相同领域者都可利用相关的资料和成果，从而提出自己的观点和看法。如若缺乏对相关文献的研究，对绝大多数学生来说，就如同无源之水，无本之木。任何一门学科的知识都有一定的传承性和连续性。缺乏必要的学术背景知识，研究也很难令人信服。 在实际论文写作中，许多研究者都将文献回顾单列一章，即文献回顾不一定必须列入引言部分。对于英语专业本科生来说，我们建议将文献回顾置入引言部分。当然，文献回顾也可出现在讨论中，甚至在结论中，这就必须根据具体情况而定了。 那么，该如何进行文献回顾呢？有三种方法可供选择使用。, 采用直接或间接引语的方法。引用前人或权威等的话语能大大增强文章的说服力，无论是直接引语还是间接引语。学生必须对本研究领域的相关信息和成果相当熟悉，才能很好地引用资料。对同一个课题的研究往往有不同的观点和看法，甚至相反的观点，学生引用时则必须经过慎重考虑并选择能支持自己论文中的观点的部分加以引用。一旦选定材料，则可直接或间接地将相关的内容、观点、思想等引用到自己的论文中。但记住，引用而不抄袭。引用应注明其出处。引用的目的是为了论述与自己研究课题的关系，也是为了论证自己的论点，所以，引用既要恰当，也要适度。一般说来，引文不能超过自己论文的三分之一，否则视为抄袭。英语专业本科生毕业论文一般在5000词左右，在这么短的论文中，引用时必须慎重考虑。请看以下例：,one of the criticisms of using parallel corpora, mentioned by mauranen (1998) has been that “translated language is different from original language” (p. 160). mauranen (ibid) states that this is related to “a search for translation universals, i.e. features that make translated texts special we have grounds for hypothesizing such strategies as for instance simplification, explicitization, overcompensation with target-like features, etc”. (quotation in the introduction) 作者将第一句中的引语看作一种criticism，而第二句中的state乃是引述动词，用于带出引语。引述动词对于表达作者对该引语的评价有重要的意义。另外，如果引语较长，超过三行时，则应以缩排的形式独立成段。, 采用解释的方法。解释就是用自己的语言对其他资料的内容进行重写。但解释应忠实和保留原意，不能修改或篡改。解释的方法很多，可用同义词、主动语态与被动语态互换、直接引语和间接引语互换转述原文的意思。解释前应反复研读和理解原文，再列出其提纲或要点。(举例略), 对较长的引用段落进行概述。 概述是对较长引语进行缩写并引入论文的方法。概述前也应熟读和理解原文，最好还是列出提纲，引用原文的要点即可。 for generations, american have researched their pasts to discover who their ancestors were. in recent years, many more people have developed an avid interest in their genealogy and the cultural heritage of their ancestors. this interest was sparked for two reasons. first, american celebrated the bicentennial of the united states in 1976 and paid tribute to the countrys history. second, and more recently, the book roots, which traces the family history of an american black man named alex haley back to africa, was serialized on national television. as a result of these two events, a new pastime for thousands of americans was created.,提纲： a. american research into background 1. ancestors 2. cultural heritage b. reasons for research 1. bicentennial celebration 2. roots 概述： recently, many americans have become interested in researching their backgrounds in order to identify their ancestors and learn about their cultural heritage. this interest in genealogy began with the u. s. bicentennial celebration and intensified with the televising of the family history of alex haley, a black american.,（4）讨论前人研究的不足 在引言中，应阐明你为什么要研究这一课题。通常的做法是，通过讨论前人在本领域的某个方面的不足，从而提出自己研究的目的。请看以下几例（见opals，2001）： a. one of the criticisms of using parallel texts. has been that “translated language is different from original language”. a research question which can be answered statistically then is “are translated texts simpler than comparable monolingual texts in the target language?” b. research in the psycholinguistic tradition focuses mainly on task design and fails to see the importance of the interaction of learner factors and the setting. furthermore, little research has been done on either the learner factor or the setting. 以上的a中，criticism指出了先前parallel texts研究的不足，再通过提问而引出新研究的课题；b中的fails和little research都指出先前的研究中的不足。,（5）提出新的研究方法 引言的最后一部分内容应简述你在研究课题中所使用的研究方法。虽然研究方法多种多样，研究情景因素各不相同，但开展研究的步骤却是相同的。对大多数英语专业本科毕业生来说，写作毕业论文所采用的研究方法是大致相同。如果采用某种前人的研究方法，则应注明研究方法的出处。如： this study is a replication of a study carried out in singapore by one of the authors (ghadessy 1988). 在以下的例子中，研究目的之后就是关于新的研究方法的讨论。 the purpose of this study is to investigate one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon, i.e. a reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts. first, original texts in english and chinese and their translation (parallel texts) will be compar3ed and then the respective translated texts in the two languages will be contrasted with other original texts in the two language (comparable texts) for simplification in lexical density.,绪论，无论长短，必须层次分明、逻辑严密、表述清晰。绪论是导入正文的准备部分，它为你的论证和论述提供了相关的信息和铺垫，应该说，绪论是整个论文不可或缺的一部分，在毕业论文整体信息的组织方面起着重要作用。学生撰写毕业论文时，不一定非按以上所讨论的绪论结构要素的顺序写作，但绪论也应基本包括这些要素，并根据写作的具体情况，按照一定的顺序将绪论部分组织成一个有机的整体。要更清楚地了解绪论的写法，建议毕业生多阅读一些已经发表的论文绪论，并学会归纳和总结其结构和语言特点。这必将对自己撰写毕业论文有一定的帮助和指导作用。,绪论中通常可用以下句型： one of the most important aspects of . it has been proved that . it was proved (reported) t hat . smith et al. (2000) reported that . most of the experiments were carried out . it has been long known that . it is well documented that . according to the . theory, .,3）结语 毕业论文的结语乃是回顾和总结自己的论点，结束全文，它具有回顾性和回溯性。结论部分也是毕业论文有机整体的一部分。结论部分在整篇论文中起到结束全文的重要作用，必须对全文做出总结，重申论文中的论点，并强调研究发现的重要性。结论部分多以现在时态为主，少有使用过去时态的。但也应视具体情况而定。 结论部分包括三个组成部分：（1）总结、回顾论文各部分的主要内容，重申论文的论点；（2）探讨该研究在更加广泛的研究背景下的意义；（3）展望该研究在未来的发展趋势。如：,this paper presents a call for schools in the independent education sector to assess the provision of elicos for international flote students who intend to pursue secondary school and further education study in australia. given the resources and experience of independent schools in education, i believe that as elicos providers they have a potential to make a valuable contribution to english language education for international students. it is my hope that further investigations of elicos for secondary school and further education studies will contribute to the needed dissemination of research on delivering english language courses in australian school courses.,作者首先总结和回顾全文，然后对elicos承办者做出评价，最后展望未来对该领域进一步研究的可能性。 结论应概括、归纳和总结全文，应包含论文各部分的主要观点并阐明个部分的关系。与此同时，大部分结论都展望未来并简要探讨该研究对同一领域相关研究的作用和意义。当然，也有的在结论部分提到现阶段研究不足之处，或采用其他方法的，但大多都采用第一中方式结束论文。请看以下论文结束部分：,it would be quite wrong for me to imply here that a surefire solution has been found to the widespread and intractable problem of providing a crash course in report writing for postgraduate students possessed of a very wide range of english skills at intake. what does seem clear, however, is that focusing on text at the phrase level, and in particular the phrase structure “x of y”, provides a useful starting point, acceptable and helpful to students at all but he very lowest levels. it will be of interest to establish in future whether command and use of this structure correlates with relatively higher marks both in geology examination answers and in the end-pf-program research report.,作者指出了论文中所提建议的不足之处，最后展望未来，指出在该领域进一步探讨研究的可能性。 根据论文的论题，引用该领域一位名人或权威的话结束论文，这也是非常好的结束论文的一种方法。引用名人或权威的话可使论文更加具有说服力，但引用的话应能充分切合你的论点，并能充分证明或支持你在论文中提出的论点。,也可提出问题结束论文，但开篇提问与提问结尾的功能是不同的。开篇提问的目的是为了分析和解决问题，而结尾时提出的问题是为了给读者以思考的余地。 结束部分可用以下句型: to test specifically the ability of. the primary objective of our study was to examine . the goal of this study was to select.and to see whether the . the objective of the current study was therefore to examine the effects of. on . this paper reports the growth response of . to . under field condition in. this paper describes an experiment done to test the effects of. on. our objectives were (i)., (ii) .,夹注的写法 1）论文正文中提及作者名的，只在括号内注明页码即可。 this fact led the critic owen thomas to conclude that emily dickinson “was well aware of the world outside her little room, that in fact she used the language of this outside world to crate some of here best poetry”(523).,2）如论文正文中没有提及作者姓名，夹注中应注明作者和页码。 but an economist who predicted the depression of 1981 a year in advance fears the price of gold will decline slowly for at least ten years (goodserve 143). 3）若所引用的作者资料在后面的works cited中不止一处的，则应在夹注中注明其题目，除非在文中已经提到了。 chomsky claims that all humans inherit the same basic linguistic structural framework upon which their communitys particular language is fitted (language 29-41). 4）如不知作者姓名，则文中也没有提及，那么，则在夹注中将题目注明。 only mayor mccarthy expressed the least optimism toward the citys fate (“rebirth” 2).,5）如果引用的资料有两个或以上作者，论文中已经提到了，则只在括号里注明页码；如论文中没有提及，则应在括号里注明作者和页码。 patterson and linden agree that the gorilla koko acquitted language more slowly than a normal speaking child (83-90). the authors of womens ways of knowing make a distinction between “separate knowing” and “connected knowing” (belenky et al. 100-30) or (belenky, clinchy, goldberger, and tarule 100-30). 6）如论文引用的是多卷本书籍，括号内应注明卷号和页码。 termans studies of gifted children reveal a pattern of accelerated language acquisition (2: 279).,7）如引用小说则先在括号内注明页码，再注明其所在的章节。 fitzgeralds narrator captures gatsby in a moment of isolation: “a sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host”(56; ch. 3). 引用戏剧，则应在括号内列出幕、场和行。 in his famous advice to the players, hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at he first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23). 引用诗歌，则应在括号内注明其所在的诗节（如有的话）和诗行。 when homers odysseus came to the hall of ciurce, he found his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).,8）如果引用的是他人引用的语言，则在括号内注明“qtd. in”。 “we only used seven signs in his presence,” says fouts. “all of his signs were lwarned from the other chimps at the laboratory” (qtd. in toner 24). 9）如果引用的不止一种资料来源，则在括号内分别注明，中间用分号隔开。 with intensive training, the apes in this study learned more than 200 signs or signals (desmond 229; linden 173).,第五节 参考文献 几乎所有的研究论文或毕业论文都基于以前的研究之上。做毕业论文之前，学生通常都是研读所选定领域，如文学、翻译、文化或语言学等方向，并从以前的研究中获取相关信息和灵感。在引用其作品或研究成果时，无论是直接还是间接引用，学生都必须注明其出处，一方面体现学生诚实做文，另一方面则表示对原作者的尊重和感谢。,学生做毕业论文时，如果引用另一部作品等都必须注明其出处，说明是否借鉴他人的观点、思想，原文出自何处等。如若不然，则有抄袭之嫌。 一般说来，参考文献（works cited）放在毕业论文正文和注释之后。参考文献应单独一页，但与毕业论文正文统一页码编号。如论文共15页，那么，参考文献就是16页。页码编号应在右上角，works cited居中，与第一条参考文献之间应空两行，所有参考文献都应靠左对齐。如果一条参考文献超出一行，则将其向左缩进五个字符。如：,五、毕业论文的语言要求,第一节 用词特点 1. 正式性 避免使用缩写形式，比如do not而不是dont，it is而不是its。表达同一意思时，尽量使用词语而不是短语，因为后者较前者更为口语化，且不够精炼，比如用investigate要比look into更为正式，而用determine要比make up the mind更为简练。使用标准的表述方式，避免使用口语、俚语。比如使用escape要比go on the lain更为正规；而succeed要比make it更为标准。,2. 准确性 使用具体、明确的词语，避免模糊性较强的表达方式，诸如maybe，sort of，a little bit等词；学会使用一些限定词，避免主观和绝对化，如typically，usually，sometimes，for the most part等。,3. 客观性 在正文中表述自己观点时避免使用第一人称和第二人称(致谢中除外)，否则会削弱文章的客观性。最好使用名词、第三人称或无人称结构，如this article studiesis aimed to，it gives an analysis of，it is concluded，it can be seen that，it has been pointed out that等。避免使用带有歧视色彩的词语，最常见的是人称性别歧视，如：as a student learns to read more critically，he usually writes more clearly，too可采用的修改办法有三种，其一将单数变为复数，如：as students learn to read more critically，they usually write more clearly，too其二将he变为he or she，或者干脆重新措辞，避开人称代词：critical reading leads to clear writing此外在表述职业时还要学会使用一些中性词语。,4. 规范性 对于所选的英语拼写类型美式或英式，全文要始终保持一致，最好选择一本标准的美语和英语词典，如the oxford guide to english usage或the columbia guide to standard american english。而在一些情况下使用特殊词语时(比如专业术语、古英语、外来词或某些具有中国文化特色的词语)，则不仅应保持原词的拼写形式，还要在注释里写明使用原因和含义。除此之外，还要注意单词的大小写、换行时单词的分割原则、数字、标点符号、常用缩略语、作品标题和人名的书写规范。有关这方面的详细内容可参考高等教育出版社出版的英语论文写作规范。,5. 简明性 虽然毕业论文中的许多专业术语多为“大词”、“长词”，但这并不违背其言简意赅的特点，要做到用词恰如其分、恰到好处，需采取一系列语法、词汇手段： （1）不定式或分词短语替换。如定语从句the research that is being carried out is very successful就可替换为the research being carried out；条件状语从句if you look carefully，you will、discover可替换为looking carefully，you will discover；两个并列单句in our experiment，we used a number of probesthere a son for that was to eliminate the problems and errors就可用不定式替换成in our experiment，we used a number of probes so as to eliminate the problems and errors,（2）前置定语替换。如the precision of the experiment可以改为the experimental precision；the transmission of the data of the network改为the network data transmission；he thinks it is never too old to learn用his never-too-be-old-to-learn spirit代替。 （3）副词替换。诸如it is admittedsupposedclearobviouswould appear thatwould thus seem that，there is no doubt that的句式都可用下列副词代替：admittedly，supposedly，clearly，obviously，apparently，seemingly，undoubtedly。,（4）名词或名词短语替换。比如，主语从句what he has investigated就可替换为his investigation；同位语从句due to the fact that the direct measurement of the radial current distribution cannot be performed at present，可替换为名词短语due to the lack of direct measurement of the radial current distribution。 （5）动词替换。一些名词性结构为了简明起见往往还原为动词结构。例如，by way of piping lines，the crude oil is transmitted from the well to the refinery如用动词表述就相对简练许多：the crude oil is piped from the well to the refinery；同样，the analysis of this method wil